對外開放是經濟發展的必由之路

China’s Economy: The Open Road to Development

孫衛東

Sun Weidong

2019年是中華人民共和國成立70周年。在過去70年里，中國經濟發展取得了令世界驚嘆的成就，成為世界第二大經濟體。總結中國長期保持經濟快速增長的經驗，最重要之一是堅持開放。

1979年改革開放的歷史性決策，開啟了中國對外開放波瀾壯闊的進程。40年來，中國堅持打開國門搞建設，成功實現了從封閉半封閉到全方位開放的偉大轉折。對外開放極大解放了中國的社會生產力，促進國內外要素資源自由流動、高效配置，促進中國積極融入全球價值鏈，推動經濟持續快速發展。40年來，中國國內生產總值年均增長約9.5%，對外貿易額年均增長14.5%，實際利用外資累計2萬多億美元，對外直接投資增長40余倍，深度融入全球生產分工和價值鏈體系，開放型經濟發展水平不斷提升。中國不僅成為世界第二大經濟體，還是第一大工業國、第一大外匯儲備國、全球經濟增長最大貢獻者，也為后發國家發展探索出一條新道路。

2019 marked the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Over the past 70 years, China has made amazing achievements in economic development and become the world’s second-largest economy. Its experience in maintaining high economic growth has been to persist in opening up. The historic decision of reform and opening up in 1978 started this process. In the past 40 years, China has pursued development with doors wide open, and made an impressive transition from being a largely closed society to one that’s open to the world in all respects. Opening up has greatly unleashed China’s productive forces, facilitated the free flow and efficient allocation of factors and resources at home and abroad, promoted China’s active integration into the global value chain, and pushed sustained and rapid economic development.

During this period, China’s GDP has grown at an average annual rate of about 9.5%, and its foreign trade at 14.5%. The actual foreign capital utilisation is more than $2 trillion, with outbound direct investment growing more than 40 times. All the while, it has been deeply integrated into the global production and value chain system.

China is not only the world’s second largest economy, but also the largest industrial country, the largest foreign exchange reserve country, and the largest contributor to global economic growth. Meantime, China has also explored a new path for the development of late-developing countries.

開放帶來進步，是后發經濟體獲得發展不可或缺的動力。中國40年改革開放的成就印證了這一點，亞洲其他一些經濟體的發展路徑也佐證了這一點。開放也是經貿合作的前提。中印兩國市場規模巨大，產業結構互補，經濟發展迅速，合作前景廣闊，以開放態度促進雙邊貿易和投資，維護經貿合作平衡發展，是正確選擇，也符合共同利益。

Openness brings progress, and is an indispensable impetus for emerging economies. China’s achievements in the last 40-odd years have confirmed this point, as have the development paths of some other Asian economies. Openness is also a prerequisite for international economic and trade cooperation.

China and India have huge markets, complementary industrial structures, rapid economic development and broad prospects for cooperation. To promote bilateral trade and investment, maintaining balanced development of economic and trade cooperation is the right choice for both sides, and serves common interests.

開放帶來廣泛機遇，也需面對很多挑戰。如何應對這些挑戰?中國經驗是保持積極，正確認識，勇于改革，化危為機。中國對外開放40年來，特別是2001年加入WTO后，國內部分產業遭受很大沖擊，但通過加快國內改革、改善營商環境和調整產業結構等，國內產業不僅挺了過來，競爭力還顯著增強。應當看到，經濟全球化是不可逆轉的時代潮流，各國應抓住機遇，順勢而為，積極參與雙多邊貿易安排，主動融入國際價值鏈，敢于到世界市場的汪洋大海中去搏擊，在游泳中學會游泳，歷經風雨才能提升自身的國際競爭力。

Opening up, however, may also bring many challenges. The Chinese response has been to stay positive, gain correct understanding, dare to reform and turn crisis into opportunity. Over the past four decades, especially after China’s accession to the WTO in 2001, some domestic industries have suffered considerably. However, by accelerating domestic reforms, improving the business environment and adjusting the industrial structure, China’s domestic industries have not only survived but have also become more competitive globally.

Globalisation is an irreversible trend. Countries should seize the opportunity, follow the trend, actively participate in bilateral and multilateral trade arrangements, and integrate into the international value chain. One should learn to swim while swimming, and ride the tides in the vast ocean of the world markets. Only after going through storms can we improve our international competitiveness.

中國過去40年發展是在開放條件下取得的，未來中國經濟高質量發展也將在更加開放條件下進行。習近平主席曾多次強調，“中國開放的大門不會關閉，只會越開越大。”當前，中國正繼續加快擴大開放步伐，提高對外開放水平，大幅度放寬市場準入，全面放開制造業，創造更有吸引力的投資環境。我們歡迎各國企業積極開拓中國市場，也呼吁各國繼續擴大本國市場開放。

China’s high-quality development can only be carried out under more open conditions. President Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed that ‘China’s door to openness will not be closed, it will only open wider’. Today, China continues to accelerate this pace, substantially easing market access, fully liberalising manufacturing, and creating a more attractive investment environment. The country welcomes companies from all over the world to actively explore the booming Chinese market, and call on all countries to continue opening up their own markets.

近年來，經濟全球化在曲折中前行，單邊主義、保護主義愈演愈烈，多邊主義和多邊貿易體制受到嚴重沖擊。我們認為，在世界經濟經歷深刻調整變革之時，各國只有繼續保持開放，才能使不同國家相互受益、共同繁榮、持久發展。中國的發展離不開世界，世界的持續繁榮也需要中國。因此，中國堅持走開放融通、互利共贏之路，堅定維護多邊貿易體制，堅決反對各種形式的保護主義，推進全球貿易投資自由化便利化，推進區域經濟一體化，主張構建開放型世界經濟。

Of late, though, unilateralism and protectionism have been on the rise, and multilateralism seriously impacted. As the world economy undergoes profound adjustments and changes, only by continuing to open up can countries benefit each other, achieve common prosperity and maintain sustainable development.

China’s development is inseparable from the world, and the world needs China for continued prosperity. It is firmly committed to openness, inclusiveness and mutual benefit, and firmly upholds the multilateral trading system, oppose protectionism of all forms, promote global trade and investment liberalisation and facilitation, promote regional economic integration, and advocate an open world economy.

堅持開放，是理念，更是行動，不僅體現于平常，也體現在困難時刻。當前，中國政府和人民正全力以赴同新冠肺炎疫情做斗爭，采取了最全面、最嚴格的防控舉措，各國政府和世界衛生組織都對此給予充分肯定。作為負責任國家，中國的努力不僅是在保護本國人民的健康，也是在維護包括印度在內的世界人民的健康。疫情終將過去，中國經濟向好趨勢也不會變。風物長宜放眼量。在這個特殊時刻，各國應保持冷靜，加強合作，遵循世界衛生組織建議，保持進出口開放，盡快恢復貿易和人員正常往來，同舟共濟，共克時艱，為更廣更大范圍的開放合作創造良好條件。

Openness is not only an idea, but also an action. It is reflected not only in ordinary but also in difficult times. At present, the Chinese government and people are making all-out efforts to combat the novel coronavirus (nCoV), and have taken comprehensive and rigorous prevention and control measures. As a responsible country, China’s efforts are not only protecting the health of its own people, but also that of the people of the world, including India. The epidemic will eventually end, and China’s positive economic trend will not change. It is important to take a long-term perspective. Countries should follow WHO recommendations, stay calm, strengthen cooperation, and keep imports and exports open. We should also resume and maintain trade and the movement of people, creating favourable conditions for greater openness and broader cooperation.

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