第八篇 $lesson$

Food Safety and Foodborne Illness

　　Food safety is an increasingly important public health issue. Governments all over the world are intensifying their efforts to improve food safety. These efforts are in response （1） an increasing number of food safety problems and （2） consumer concerns.

　　Foodbome illnesses are （3 ）as diseases，usually either infectious or toxic in nature， caused by agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food. Every person is （4 risk of foodborne illness.

　　Foodborne diseases are a widespread and growing public health problem，both in developed （5 ）developing countries. The global （6 ）of foodbome disease is difficult to estimate，but it has been reported that in 2005 （7 ）8 million people died from diarrhoeal diseases1.A great （8 ）of these cases can be attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. （9 ），diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.2

　　In industrialized countries，the percentage of the population suffering from foodbome diseases each year has been reported to be （10 ）30%.In the United States of America(USA)，for example，around 76 million cases of foodbome diseases，（11 ）325，000 hospitalizations and 5，000 deaths. are estimated to occur each year.

　　While less well documented，developing countries bear the brunt of the problem due to the presence of a wide （12 ）of foodborne diseases，including those caused by parasites.3 The high （13 ）of diarrhoeal diseases in many developing countries suggests major underlying food safety problems.

　　In partnership （14 ）other stakeholders，WHO is developing policies that will further promote the safety of food.These policies cover the entire food chain from production to consumption and will （15 ）different types of expertise.4

　　詞匯：

　　intensify vt.使增強，使加劇 stakeholder n.(某組織、工程、體系等的)參與人，參與方

　　toxic adj.有毒的;因中毒引起的

　　ingestion n.攝取 consumption n.消費，消耗

　　attribute vt.歸因于…… expertise n.專門知識或技能

　　brunt n.首當其沖

　　注釋：

　　1.diarrhoeal diseases：腹瀉疾病

　　2.A great proportion of these cases can be attributed to contamination of food and drinking water.

　　Additionally，diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.相當多的這種病例可以歸因于食物以及飲用水污染所導致，而且腹瀉是幼兒和兒童營養不良的一大主因。A great proportion of表示“占相當比例的”，additionally此處表示遞進關系，“另外，而且"。be attributed to：動詞短語，表示“把……歸因于……”。

　　3.While less well documented，developing countries bear the brunt of the problem due to the presence of a wide range of foodborne diseases，including those caused by parasites.雖然文獻資料還不多，但發展中國家是各種食源性疾病，包括由寄生蟲引發的疾病等首當其沖的受害者。bear the brunt of，詞組，表示“首當其沖”。

　　4.In partnership with other stakeholders.WHO is developing policies that will further promote the safety of food.These policies cover the entire food chain from production to consumption and will make use of different types of expertise.與其他機構一起，WHO在不斷制定能進一步提高食品安全的政策，這些政策涵蓋了從生產到消費整個食品鏈，并將充分利用各種專業知識。In partnership with表示“和……一起”，make use of表示“利用，使用”。

　　練習：

　　1.A to B against C with D towards

　　2.A raising B arising C rising D rosen

　　3.A declared B defined C derived D demanded

　　4.A with B within C at D in

　　5.A or B with C of D and

　　6.A incident B incidence C accident D instance

　　7.A lonely B alone C alonely D lone

　　8.A size B position C proportion D amount

　　9.A Nevertheless B However C Whatever D Additionally

　　10.A up to B down to C up towards D down towards

　　11.A resulting from B resulting in C resulted from D resulted in

　　12.A range B distance C order D arrangement

　　13.A prevailing B spreading C prevalent D prevalence

　　14.A of B for C from D with

　　15.A make use of B take use of C make use D take use

　　答案與題解：

　　1.A in response to是一介詞短語，為固定搭配，表示“對……作出反應"，因此答案為A。

　　2.C 此空所在句子表示：上述這些努力主要是對越來越多的食品安全問題以及消費者越來越多的擔憂作出的反應。A項是及物動詞，表示“提高……"，此處不合適，B項不用來作定語，D項是過去分詞形式，此處也不合適，因此答案為C。

　　3.B be defined as為一固定搭配，表示“……被定義為……"，其他是那個選項都不合題意，因此答案為B。

　　4.C at risk of為一固定介詞短語，表示“有……危險的”。另外三個介詞選項都不能與risk相搭配，因此答案為C。

　　5.D both developed and developing countries表示“發達國家和發展中國家都……"，與both能搭配的應該是and，因此答案為D。

　　6.B incident是“事件"，incidence是“發生率”，accident是“意外事件，事故"，instance是“實例，例證"。此處的意思是食源性疾病在全球的發生率，因此答案為B。

　　7.B lonely是形容詞，表示“孤單的"，lone也是形容詞，表示“孤寂的，單獨的”，alone作形容詞時，表示“單獨的，獨自的”，其內涵與lonely相近，但也有副詞的意思，表示“僅僅，只是”，只有該意符合本句要求，C項不存在，因此答案為B。

　　8.C proportion表示“比例"，size表示“大小"，position表示“位置，地點”，amount表示“數量”，修飾不可數名詞。

　　9.D根據上下文，此處具體舉出一個例子，與前文應為遞進關系，因此答案為D。

　　10.A 10 up to 30%表示從10%到30%，從低到高的數量關系，B項down to則表示從高到低，不符合題意。

　　11.B result from表示“起因于"，沒有被動形式，result in表示“造成”，也沒有被動形式，因此答案為B。

　　12.A a wide range of foodborne diseases表示各種各樣的食源性疾病。

　　13.D prevailing形容詞，表示“盛行的"，prevalent也是形容詞，表示“流行的”，spreading為spread的分詞形式，表示“伸展，擴張，延伸"等，prevalence名詞，表示“發病，流行”。此處需填入一個名詞，因此選D。

　　14.D參見注釋。

　　15.A參見注釋