第一章$lesson$

　　1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.

　　2、The economy of Athens rested on(依賴) an immense(無限的)amount of slave labour.

　　3、Olympus mount， Revived in 1896(當代奧運會)

　　4、Ancient Greece(古希臘)‘s epics was created by Homer.

　　5、They events of Homer‘s own time. (錯)轉自環 球 網 校edu24ol.com

　　(They are not about events of Homer‘s own time， probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)

　　6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.

　　7、Agamemnon， Hector， Achilles are in Iliad.

　　8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.

　　9、Odyssey(對其作品產生影響)―→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。 In the 20th century.

　　10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.

　　11、三大悲劇大師① Aeschylus

　　《Prometheus Bound》―→模仿式作品 Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》

　　② Sophocles(之首)

　　《Oedipus the King》―→ Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex” (戀母情結) ―→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(勞倫斯)447頁

　　③ Euripides

　　A.《Trojan Women》

　　B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社會問題劇) 在肖伯納手中達到高潮，屬于存在主義戲劇的人物

　　C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一個純粹的人)

　　D.Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.

　　To be specific(具體來說)， Euripides.

　　12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18頁

　　Aristophanes writes about nature. ―→浪漫主義湖畔派(The lakers)華茲華茲(新古典主義代表作家《格列夫游記》《大人國小人國》《溫和的提議》用諷刺的寫作手法)

　　13、History (Historical writing)史學創作

　　※ “Father of History” ―→ Herodotus ―→ war(between Greeks and Persians)

　　This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博羅奔泥撒，3

　　只是陳述史實，并沒有得出理論。

　　※ “The greatest historian that ever lived.” (有史以來最偉大的歷史學家) ―→ Thucydides ―→ war (Sparta， Athens and Syracuse)

　　14、The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars.

　　15、受希臘文化影響的傳教士St. Paul. Democritus (Materialism)

　　16、希臘文化中的哲學被基督教所吸收17、① Euclid‘s Elements解析幾何

　　It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century. (歷史地位)

　　② Archimedes

　　His work not only in geometry幾何學，but also in arithmetic算術， machanics機械， and hydrostatics.流體靜力學

　　選擇：Give me a place to stand， and I will move the world.誰的理論(Archimedes)

　　18、Architecture古希臘建筑三大風格temple―→Parthenon帕特農神廟① The Doric style

　　is also called masculine style. (宏偉的)轉自環 球 網 校edu24ol.com

　　but the Doric style is monotonous and unadorned (單調)

　　is sturdy (堅強的)， powerful， severelooking (莊嚴肅穆) and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers.

　　② The Ionic style

　　is also called the feminine style. (陰柔的)

　　is graceful (優雅的) and elegant (優美的)。

　　The Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament. (裝飾性)

　　③ The Corinthian style

　　is known for its ornamental luxury. (奢侈)

　　19、The famous temples： The Acrpolis at Athens and the Parthenon.

　　20、The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. Marked Roman conquest of Greece.

　　21、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (羅馬征服希臘的標志)

　　22、From 146 B.C.， Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.

　　Greek that of the eastern half.

　　23、Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.

　　24、The Roman writer Horace said “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”。

　　25、The dividing range(分水嶺) in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.

　　26、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods： republic and empire.

　　27、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato‘s republic.

　　28、The land area of Roman empire reached its climax in 2 to 3 century.

　　29、north： Scotland east： Armenia and Mesopotamia

　　30、In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保證) by the Roman legions(羅馬軍團)

　　31、In the Roman history， there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was known as Pax Romana.(神圣羅馬帝國)

　　32、名解In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保證) by the Roman legions， it was known as Pax Romana

　　33、The Roman Law protected(保護) the rights of plebeians (平民)。

　　34、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.

　　35、After 395，the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.

　　36、Cicero西賽羅he legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁語用詞

　　described as Ciceronian.西賽羅式的

　　an enormous influence(巨大影響) on the development of European prose.(散文)

　　37、Julius Caesar commentaries批評論 “I came， I saw， I conquered.”

　　38、Virgil Aeneid 阿尼德

　　39、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.

　　The world‘s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室內場所

　　40、The Colosseum(大理石像) it‘s an enormous.露天的環形影劇院

　　41、Sculpture(雕塑) She-wolf(母狼)

　　42、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希臘民主的表現形式

　　43、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希臘民主的具體形式

　　論述簡答

　　一、What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancient Greece?(名解簡答)

　　(How do you understand “Democracy” in ancient Greece? What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancient Greece and modern democracy?)

　　答：

　　① Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”， but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.

　　② Women， children， foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.

　　二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?

　　答：

　　① Probably around 1200 B.C.， a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.

　　② Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.

　　A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion (入侵) early in the 5th century.

　　B. The establishment of democracy.

　　C. The flourishing (蒸蒸日上的) of science， philosophy， literature， art and historical writing in Athens.

　　③ The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.

　　④ In the second half of the 4th century B.C.， Greece was conquered by Alexander， king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered， whenever Greek culture was found.

　　⑤ Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C.， the Romans conquered Greece.

　　三、How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?

　　答：

　　(1)、Three founders

　　1、Pythagoras① All things were numbers.

　　② Scientific mathematics.

　　③ Theory of proportion.比例的理論

　　2、Heracleitue① Fire is the primary(主要的) elements of the universe.火是萬物之源

　　② The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的對立統一

　　3、Democritus① the atomic theory.第一個原子理論開拓者

　　② materialism.唯物主義

　　(2)、Three thinkers

　　1、Socrates①He hadn‘t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.

　　②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.

　　2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world， it was established by Plato.

　　②He has four works. Dialogues， Apology， Symposium and Republic.

　　3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world， it was established by Aristotle.

　　②Aristotle is a humanist.

　　(2)、Five contending schools

　　1、The Sophists詭辯派

　　①Under the leadership of Protagoras.

　　②The representative of work is On the God.諸神論

　　③His doctrine教義 is “man is the measure of all things”。人是衡量一切的標準

　　2、The Cynics犬儒派

　　①Under the leadership of Diogenes.

　　②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.

　　③He proclaimed宣揚 his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.權利

　　3、The Sceptics置疑學派

　　①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.

　　②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable可獲得的， and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.

　　4、The Epicureans享樂派

　　①Under the leadership of Epicurus. 選擇：根據領導者的名字直接命名

　　②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual肉欲 enjoyment.享樂

　　Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.通過實行道德獲得

　　Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.原子

　　5、The Stoics斯多哥派

　　①Under the leadership of Zeno.

　　②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.

　　One should endure忍受 hardship艱難 and misfortune不幸 with courage.勇氣

　　Developed into Stoics‘ duty.

　　He was also a materialist.

　　四、What philosophy system did Plato established?

　　(Why do we say Plato‘s philosophy system was idealistic? Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive綜合的 system of philosophy? )

　　答：

　　1、It dealt with， among other things， the problem of how， in the complex， ever―changing world， men were to attain獲得 knowledge.

　　2、The first case and physical自然 world should take the secondary case.

　　3、Idealistic of philosophy.

　　4、Many of Plato‘s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought. (吸收到基督教的思想中)

　　五、What‘s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)?

　　答：

　　1、 For one thing， Aristotle emphasized(強調) direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.(理論聯系實際)This is different from Plato‘s reliance(依賴) on subjective thinking.(萬物依賴主觀思維)

　　2、For another， he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete(具體的) individual(個別的) realities. (物質與意識共同構成的客觀事實)Here， too， he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world(意識高于物質)

　　3、Aristotle thought happiness was men‘s aim in life. But not happiness in the vulgar庸俗的 sense， but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason， goodness and contemplation.(善良和期待)

　　一句話簡答題What should be man‘s aim in life?

　　Aristotle‘s answer was： happiness.

　　六、What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?

　　(What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert運用 on the world civilization文化?)

　　答：

　　There has been an enduring excitement興奮 about classical經典的 Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere別處。Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital有生命力的 part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.

　　1、Spirit of innovation創新精神

　　The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed反對 to mere純粹的 annals歷史記載; They speculated思索 freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life生命的輪回， without being bound in the fetters束縛 of any inherited orthodoxy.繼承的習俗

　　2、Supreme Achievement至高無上的成就

　　The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour努力： Philosophy， science， epic poetry， comedy， historical writing， architecture， etc.

　　3、Lasting effect持續的影響

　　①Countless無數的 writers have quoted舉例， borrowed from and otherwise used Homer‘s epics， the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides， Aristophanes’s comedies， Plato‘s Dialogues，ect.

　　②In the early part of the 19th century， in England alone， three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics經典之作： Byron‘s Isles of Greece， Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats‘s Ode on a Grecian Urn.

　　③In the 20th century， there are Homeric parallels與…平行 in the Irishman愛爾蘭 James Joyce‘s modernist masterpiece代表作 Ulysses.

　　七、What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?

　　答：

　　1、similarity① Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.

　　② Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities(神) to be readily(容易的) identified (一致)， and their myths (崇拜的神) to be fused.(融合)

　　③ Their languages worked in similar ways， both being members of the Indo-European language family.

　　2、difference① The Romans built up a vast (巨大的) empire; the Greeks didn‘t， except for the brief (短暫的) moment of Alexander’s conquests， which soon disintegrated.(瓦解)

　　② The Romans were confident(自信的) in their own organizational power， their military and administrative capabilities.(管理國家的能力)

　　八、What is the Rome historical background?

　　答：

　　1、 The history of Rome divided into two periods： Before the year 27 B.C.， Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C.， Octavius took supreme (最大的) power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.

　　2、Two centuries later， the Roman Empire reached its climax， marked by land area‘s extension： Encircling (環繞) the Mediterranean.(地中海)

　　3、Strong military power： the famous Roman legions.

　　4、 In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time， which was guaranteed(保證) by the Roman legions， it was known as Pax Romana.

　　5、Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.

　　6、The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.選擇

　　① In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul)。

　　② After 395 (分裂時間)， the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West

　　③ In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.

　　④ The East Roman Empire collapsed (崩潰) when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. (英法百年戰爭結束)

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