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Tourism and Environment in the Mediterranean

The Mediterranean Countries as a whole account for one third of the world international tourism. In 1990, 72 million international tourists and 62 million domestic tourists visited the Mediterranean coastal region. Although the highest concentration has traditionally been on the northern shores, the trend is towards a more even distribution around the entire basin.

At the same time, the Mediterranean Region - characterized by its particular climate - is considered as a terrestrial biodiversity "hotspot" , this being defined as an area of exceptional endemism, having more than l,500 vascular plants, and where over 70% of the natural habitat has been lost. In fact, the Mediterranean region largely meets these criteria, since it has about 13,000 endemic plants with only very little habitat left. Favorite tourist areas and biodiversity hotspots largely coincide in the Mediterranean coastal regions. This constitutes both an asset and a liability.

The occupation of coastal areas by tourist infrastructures, including associated urbanization, roads, marinas, golf courses, secondary homes, etc. , leads to destruction of vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands. Tourists demand water supply per capita at a higher rate than local inhabitants and at a time of water scarcity, in summer, thus leading to oversized facilities for both supply and treatment. Marine ecosystems suffer from water sports, anchoring, and waste disposal. Forest fires are multiplied by negligence and sometimes by criminal acts.

These liabilities are however compensated by a major consideration, namely that all Mediterranean countries are heavily dependent on tourism to improve their balance of payments. Hence, the continued destruction of their coastal environments and natural amenities would jeopardize this much coveted tourism development. By 2025, in the case of a weak traditional development scenario, the number of domestic tourists in the Mediterranean region would reach 140 million and the number of international tourists 93 million, whereas in the case of a strong and sustainable development scenario, these figures could reach 220 million and 143 million respectively. The challenge is to make such tourism development sustainable.

In this respect, a greater attention to biodiversity can be most significant. More coastal ecosystems - terrestrial and marine - should be protected and existing protected areas should be strengthened. Management of these areas should include unproved facilities for "interpretation" for visitors, including in marine, mountaineering and skiing resorts. More should be made of local biodiversity as a tourist attraction. Combination of cultural and natural elements, for instance in biosphere reserves, should be provided to tourists in the form of properly managed "ecotourism". Traditional agricultural products and crafts of quality should be promoted. If properly established the link between tourism and biodiversity in the Mediterranean constitutes a major asset for the region.

答案

她中海的旅游和環境問題

地中海各國的旅游業占據了全世界國際旅游業的三分之一份額。1990年，地中海沿海地區吸引了多達7200萬名國外游客和6200萬名國內游客。一直以來，游客大都集中在地中海北部的沿海區域，但是現在漸漸出現了游人向整個海域均勻分散的趨勢。

地中海地區以其特殊的氣候著稱，是一個具有陸地生物多樣性特點的“熱區”。所謂“熱區”，也就是指具有罕見的地方性特征的地區，擁有1500種以上導管植物，同時已經喪失超過70%的自然生物棲息地。事實上，地中海地區現有13000種地方性植物，生物棲息地幾乎喪失殆盡，大體上符合生態熱區的定義。而且在地中海的沿海地帶，旅游熱點恰巧大多也正是生態熱區。這既是筆資產，也是筆負債。

旅游基礎設施大量侵占沿海土地，其中包括相關的城市化建設、道路、游艇船塢、高爾夫球場和度假屋等，這對脆弱的陸地生態系統和濕地造成了嚴重的破壞。游客的人均水需求量高于當地居民，夏季是供水緊張季節，因此當地不得木添設特大型供水設備和水處理設備。水上運動、船只停泊和廢水處理正在危害海洋生態系統。而由于玩忽職守或犯罪行為所造成的森林大火則成倍增加。

但是地中海各國若要改善收支平衡，都得大大依賴旅游業，這便抵消了人們對破壞大自然行為的顧慮，于是，破壞沿海自然環境和天然優勢的行為一直得以繼續，從而勢必危及該地區令人垂涎的旅游業的發展。倘若沿著這種不健康的方向發展下去，到2025年，到地中海地區旅游的國內游客將只能達到1.4億人次，國外游客9300萬人次;而采用可持續的健康的發展方式，兩者分別可望達到2.2億和1. 43億人次。問題的關鍵在于確保旅游業發展的可持續性。

談到可持續性，更加關注生物多樣性或許是非常重要的。我們應該為更多的沿海生態系統——包括陸地和海洋的——提供保護措施，并加強對現有保護區的保護力度。這些地區的管理措施應該包括：在海濱、登山和滑雪等度假區配備先進設備，向游客解釋生態保護知識;進一步將當地生物多樣性的特點發展成為旅游業的一大賣點;在生物保護區等地區將文化和自然要素相結合，以妥善經營的“生態旅游”方式向游客推出;積極推廣優質傳統農產品和手工藝品。如果能把地中海地區的旅游業和生物多樣性合理地結合起來，這將成為該地區的一筆巨大資產。