漢譯英

科技對農業的貢獻

在農業科技領域，中國不斷縮小與發達國家的差距，科技進步對中國農業的貢獻率已由1949年的20%上升到現在的42%。1農業科技部門在生物技術、高新技術、基礎研究方面均取得較大進展，植物細胞和組織培養、單倍體育種及其應用研究處于世界先進地位。2兩系法品種間雜交水稻、雜交玉米育種以及多熟種植技術等方面，已達到或接近世界先進水平。

大豆雜種優勢利用研究也獲得重大突破。31949年以來，中國農業科學家共培育出40多種農作物，近5000個高產、優質、抗性強的新品種，使主要農作物品種更新四至五次，每更新一次，一般增產10%至30%。4目前，中國糧食作物單產已由1950年的1.16噸/公頃增加到4.40噸/公頃，提高了1.8倍。5被國際上譽為“雜交水稻之父”的中國科學家袁隆平，在雜交水稻方面的研究成果改寫了二十世紀后半葉中國水稻耕作的歷史，也為解決全人類的“口糧”問題作出了卓越貢獻。6現在，中國雜交水稻的優良品種已占全國水稻種植面積的51010，平均增產20%。，7國家有關部門先后組織實施了星火計劃、重大成果推廣計劃、豐收計劃、燎原計劃等直接面向農村經濟建設的科技計劃，把先進的科技成果送到農村去，對促進農民科技素質的提高作用卓著。8與此同時，農業部門從世界各地引進農作物品種、苗木10多萬份，并選育了水稻、玉米、小麥等作物的新品種。9許多新的先進技術也得以在生產中廣泛應用。10

詞匯

1.生物技術bio-technology

2.植物細胞和組織培養cultivation of plant cells and tissues

3.單倍體育種haploid breeding

4.兩系法品種間雜交水稻bilinear hybrid rice

5.雜交玉米育種hybrid corn breeding

6.多熟種植multi-crop planting

7.大豆雜種優勢利用the utilization of the advantages of hybrid beans

8.農作物crop

9.高產、優質、抗性強的新品種high-yield, good-quality varieties with strong resistance

10.“雜交水稻之父 "Father of Hybrid Rice"

11.苗木nursery stocks

注釋

1.縮小差距：通常譯為narrow the gap ( with)。貢獻率：contribution rate，注意漢語原文中的“現在”不必譯出，因為動詞的時態已經清楚地表明了這一點。另外，原文是一句，參考譯文分譯成兩句，這樣較為平實自然。如譯成一句，可譯為：In its constant efforts to narrow its gap with the advanced countries in the sphere of agricultural science and technology, China has increased the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress from 20percent in 1949 to 42 percent.

2.世界先進水平：通常譯為world advanced level。請注意這個詞組與動詞的搭配。“處于”和“達到”(世界先進水平)這里都用了reach，但是“處于”只能用完成時，“達到”則也可以用一般時。如：

a) China's information technology will reach world advanced level in a few years.

幾年后中國的信息技術將達到世界先進水平。

3.科學技術的“突破”通常譯為breakthrough，如a breakthrough in medicine/a medical a major breakthrough(醫學上的突破)。“大豆雜種優勢利用研究”有人譯為the research of making use of the advantages of hybrid beans，但making use of極為勉強，因為research后面通常跟介詞on加相關的名詞(或名詞化了的動詞)。這里如果逐字譯出，也只能譯為the research on the utilization(或use)of the advantages of hybrid beans。后面的參考譯文中省去了research -詞，更為簡潔。

4.農作物品種的“更新”通常用renovate，不能用renew，5.“增加到”通常譯為increase(from.,.)to…本句也可譯為：The per-hectare yield of grain crops has increased by 180%，from l.16 tons in 1950 to 4.82 tons.倍數的譯法請參見Skills of Translation部分。

6.本句在詞序方面略作調整，把“在雜交水稻方面的研究成果”的譯文提前，一方面先介紹袁隆平為什么會被譽為“雜交水稻之父”，對普通英語讀者更容易接受，另一方面為后面的譯文減輕了“負擔”，讀來更為順暢。另外，“解決人類的口糧問題”有人譯為…

(to) solving the issue of mankind's grain ration，犯了三個錯誤。一、需要解決和克服的“問題”，應譯為problem;issue指人們在討論的或有爭議的“問題”，二者不可混為一談;二、“口糧”即糧食，而grain ration大概指我國糧食匱乏年代的定量配給;三、英語中contribution to后面必須跟名詞形式，動名詞形式隱含著某個邏輯主語，所以在這里不能使用。

7.這里譯文中增加了短語Thanks to his contributions.表達了原文的隱含意義。不然本句與上文的聯系就斷了。

8.這里“組織實施”只要譯出“實施”的意思即可，如逐字譯成organised the implementation，反而有畫蛇添足之嫌。“促進農民科技素質的提高”應理解為“促進對農民的科技教育”，其中“農民的科技素質”如譯成farmers' sci-tech quality，不太符合英語的思維和表達習慣。

9.“從世界各地引進”用import 一詞足矣，沒有必要再添from various countries and regions of the world，徒增累贅。在英語里，凡是上下文中已經表達清楚的意義，通常不必說得太白。

10.“得以廣泛應用”有人譯為have been extensively applied。這里改為have found extensive application，更為自然貼切。在較為正式的文體中，常常需要把漢語中的動詞用英語的名詞形式譯出。

參考譯文

The Contribution of Science and Technology to Agriculture

In the sphere of agricultural science and technology, China has been narrowing its gap with the advanced countries. The contribution rate of scientific and technological progress to China's agriculture has increased from 20 percent in 1949 to 4.2 percent. The sci-tech agricultural departments have made tremendous progress in bio-technology, new and high technology and basic research, and the cultivation of plant cells and tissues, haploid breeding and the research on its application have already reached world advanced level. Bilinear hybrid rice, hybrid corn breeding, and multi-crop planting technologies have reached or got close to world advanced level.

In addition, an important breakthrough has been made in the utilization of the advantages of hybrid beans.

Since 1949, Chinese agricultural scientists have bred over 40 new crops, including nearly 5,000 high-yield, good-quality varieties with strong resistance. Thus the major crops have been renovated four to five times, with an increase of yield by 10 to 30 percent each time. The per-hectare yield of grain crops has increased from l. 16 tons in 1950 to 4.82 tons, an increase of over 1.8 times.

The Chinese scientist Yuan Longping, who is internationally renowned as "Father of Hybrid Rice" for his tremendous achievements in the breeding of hybrid rice, has rewritten China's history of rice cultivation in the second half of the 20th century and has made extraordinary contributions to the solution of mankind's "food" problem. Thanks to his contributions, 51 percent of China's paddy-fields is used to grow fine varieties of hybrid rice, with an average increase of 20 percent in yield.

To spread advanced sci-tech achievements to the countryside, relevant government departments have carried out a number of sci-tech programs directly geared to the economic development of rural areas, such as the Spark Program, the Promotion Plan of important Scientific Achievements, the Bumper Harvest Plan, and the Prairie Fire Program, which have played an important role in promoting farmers' sci-tech education.

Meanwhile, agricultural departments have imported more than 100,000 crops and nursery stocks, and have cultivated a number of new varieties of rice, corn and wheat. Many advanced technologies have found extensive application in agricultural production.

練習

1.中國人多地少，僅有全球7%的耕地，卻有全球五分之一的人口要吃飯。

2.現在，中國糧食、棉艷、油菜籽、煙葉、肉類、蛋類、水產品、蔬菜產量均居世界首位。

3.這種新品種耐寒、耐旱，適合在中國北方生長。

4.2004年，糧食人均占有量為362公斤，豬牛羊肉、牛奶和水產品人均占有量分別為44.6公斤、17.4公斤和37.8公斤，已超過世界平均水平。

5.水栽法就是在水中栽培植物，植物需要的僅僅是土壤里所含的營養和水份，而這些東西不通過土壤從含水的礫石里也可以獲得。

6.農業生產力的迅速發展，意味著以相對低廉的價格增加食物的供應量。

7.土壤退化已成為全球農業面臨的主要挑戰之一，通常由土壤被侵蝕、化學耗竭、含水飽和度和溶質積累引起。

8.有報道警告，受糧食、飼料和生物燃料需求擴張、能源價格上漲、土地水資源日益緊缺、以及氣候變化的影響，全球糧食供應正面臨著壓力。

9.隨著農業越來越依賴于市場，當市場條件對農民有利時，新土地的開墾和新技術的應用加速了生產。

10.現代速凍法、罐裝、存儲、包裝與銷售方法可避免農產品變質，使消費者不僅在時令季節，而且一年四季都能享用時鮮食品。

答案

1.China is a country with a large population and less arable land. With only seven percent of the world's cultivated land, China has to feed one-fifth of the world's population.

2.Today China leads the world in the outputs of grain, cotton, rapeseed, leaf tobacco, meat, eggs, aquatic products and vegetables.

3.Cold and drought tolerant, the new variety is adaptable to north China.

4.In 2004, the amount of grain per capita was 362 kg; and that of meat (pork, beef and mutton), milk and aquatic products per capita reached 44.6kg, 17.4kg and 37.8kg respectively, exceeding the world's average level.

5.Hydroponics is the cultivation of plants in water. The nutrients and moisture needed by the plants can be obtained through gravel that contains water, just like through soil.

6.A rapid advance in agricultural productivity means increased food supplies at relatively lower prices.

7.Soil degradation emerges as one of the major challenges for global agriculture. It is induced via erosion, chemical depletion, water saturation, and solute accumulation.

8.It is warned that global food supplies are under pressure from expanding demand for food, feed, and biofuels; the rising price of energy; and increasing land and water scarcity; as well as the effects of climate change.

9.As agriculture became more dependent upon markets, the cultivation of new lands and application of new technology accelerated production when market conditions were favorable to farmers.

10.Modern methods of freezing, canning, storing, packaging and marketing farm products avoid spoilage and make it possible for consumers to enjoy perishable foods not only during the growing season but year-round.