英譯漢

Industrial Design

The industrial design is the art and science involved in the creation of machine-made products by large-scale industry for mass distribution'. It is concerned with aesthetic appearance, especially in consumer goods, as well as with functional efficiency.

The term industrial design was originated in 1919 by the American industrial designer Joseph Sinel (1887-1975). Initially, industrial designers dealt exclusively with machine-made consumer products. Eventually, however, the scope of the profession2 enlarged to include the design of capital goods, such as farm machinery, industrial tools and transportation equipment, and the planning of exhibitions, commercial buildings and packaging3.

Under prevailing standards of design, a product should have beauty of line, color, proportion, and texture; high efficiency and safety of operation; convenience or comfort in use; ease of maintenance and repair; durability; and expression of function in terms of form. The relative importance4 ofany of these standards may vary depending on the object. Thus, line and proportion may be more desirable in a sofa than in a tractor, where durability and easy maintenance may be paramount5. A consideration basic to all good design is the factor of realistic cost. Thus, effective industrial design requires, besides artistic ability, combined knowledge of engineering principles and materials, production techniques and cost, and marketing conditions.

The industrial designer must be concerned not only with product design but with the conditions under which products are sold. In planning retail stores and display areas, for example, the industrial designer works with the architect to increase the revenue-producing interior space and to create arrangements and atmosphere conducive to sales. Industrial designers also work to facilitate the profitable operation6 ofrailroad stations, airports, hotels, shopping centers, exhibitions, restaurants, public auditoriums, television stations, and offices.

Every design problem requires special procedures, timing, and techniques, but there is a general routine applicable to all7. After the industrial designer is informed of the needs of the client - including data on the intended market for the product, budget allocation, and company policy and equipment - specialists associated with the designer conduct a study of competitive products and an extensive field survey of the manufacturer's plant. A design program is planned, and preliminary designs of the proposed product are then sketched on the basis of the available plant facilities. Rough sketches are chosen for further refinement and study, and the client is then presented with design studies8, often in the form of a small model or of a mock-up. Following the selection of the approved design, working drawings indicating the choice of materials and the specifications for finishing and assembly are prepared. A handmade working model is then manufactured and submitted to the client for approval. In the case of an automobile, for example, one or several are handmade and tested at proving grounds before final machine dies are ordered and production begins. 9

The industrial designer is essentially the creator of a pattern to guide the operations of skilled persons or machines. The development of industrial design leads to the creation of new procedures in order that the modifications in the design may be molded directly from the old products. Another industrial-design method is based on the fact that small models do not reflect accurately the design characteristics of the full-scale product. Distortion often occurs in magnification as a result of highlights and shadows that change basic spatial relationships. 10 To view the design in full scale, the profession employs a photographic system in which a small drawing is projected to full scale on a section of a wall. Revisions of the design are then made directly on the wall projection by the industrial designers.

A common concern of the profession is how to adapt new technology, with its benefits and hazards, to human needs. In a fast-growing world economy11 industrial design is also challenged to find ways of influencing purchasing based on considerations other than necessity of replacement of a product due to normal wear and tear. One trend, which is inherent in the field of fashion where frequency of buying is determined by frequency of change in taste, is known as artificially accelerated obsolescence. This trend became more prevalent, despite strong criticism, and has been seen in other lines of products such as automobiles and large home appliances. Nevertheless, it is found justifiable for disposable products in the health and hygiene industry.

詞匯

1.consumer goods日用品，生活消費品

2.capital goods資本貨物，生產資料

3.paramount最主要的，最重要的

4.retail store零售商店

5.revenue-producing能產生收益的

6.conducive to有益于

7.allocation分配

8.preliminary預備的，初步的

9.rough sketch草圖

10.mock-up實體模型

11.working drawing施工圖

12.finishing and assembly加工和裝配

13.working model工作模型

14.proving ground試車場

15.die沖模，鑄模

16.full-scale實比的，原尺寸的

17.other than除了……之外，不同于

18.wear and tear損耗

19.obsolescence過時

20.disposable -次性的

注釋

1.此句在理解上并不困難，但是，表語中的四個介詞短語隱含著邏輯上的動賓或主謂關系，在譯成漢語時，要表達這些關系，需要使用一些動詞。要將意思表述得清晰、完整、有條理，必須弄清楚各部分之間的內在邏輯關系。本句可試譯為：工業設計是指大型企業在創造用于大規模銷售的機器制造產品的過程中所涉及的藝術和科學。

2.profession:即指工業設計這一行業，下文中亦有出現，翻譯時，可根據需要，譯成“工業設計”或“工業設計師”(指代法)。

3.the design of capital goods, such as farm machinery, industrial tools and transportation equipment，and the planning of exhibitions，commercial buildings and packaging:這里有兩個并列的短語，一個是the design of+介詞賓語，另一個是the planning of+介詞賓語。

在第一個短語中，such as后面的farm machinery，industrial tools and transportation equipment部是capital goods的具體實例，而在第二個短語中，exhibitions，commercial buildings and packaging則是并列關系。翻譯時，應該體現出這些關系。

4.relative importance：本義是相對重要性，可譯為“孰輕孰重”。

5.此句如果直譯，會非常拗口，建議采取意譯法，使譯文更加清晰明了，可以譯成：因此，設計沙發時可能更追求線條和比例，而設計拖拉機時，或許耐用性和保養方便才是最重要的。

6.facilitate the profitable operation:可采用增詞法，譯作“推動……實現盈利運作”。

7.applicable to all:可意譯為“放之四海皆準”。

8.這里的study指的是“初稿”，相當于preliminary sketch。

9.這一段介紹了工業設計的常規步驟，在任何描述事物過程的說明文中，時序都非常重要，雖然在原文中沒有很清晰的時序標示，但是在翻譯時，仍可以運用“首先”、“接著”、“然后”等詞語，使譯文的表達更有條理。

10.這一句實際上是對前一句中the fact that small models do not reflect accurately the design characteristics of the full-scale product的進一步說明，以解釋新的設計方法產生的原因。

因此，在翻譯時可以將兩句話綜合在一起考慮，根據其內在邏輯關系和漢語表達特點對譯文進行組織，譯成：“事實上，微縮模型無法準確地反映實尺產品的設計特點，因為模型一經放大，高光部分和陰影部分就會改變基本空間關系，從而導致變形。基于這種情況，另一種工業設計方法應運而生。”

11.此處可采用詞性轉換和增詞法，譯成“在世界經濟高速增長的情況下”。

參考譯文

工業設計

工業設計是指大型企業在創造用于大規模銷售的機器制造產品的過程中所涉及的藝術和科學。它既涉及審美外觀，特別是生活消費品的外觀，也涉及功能效率。

工業設計一詞是美國工業設計師約瑟夫·西奈爾(1887-1975)于1919年首次提出的。

最初，工業設計師只設計機器制造的生活消費品，但是到了后來，工業設計的對象擴展到其他領域，包括生產資料，如農場機械、工業用具和交通設備的設計，以及展會、商業建筑和商品包裝的規劃。

根據流行的設計標準，一件產品應該具有優美的線條、色彩、比例和質地，效率高，操作安全，使用方便或舒適，維修簡便，耐用性好，其形式能夠體現其功能。這些標準孰輕孰重取決于產品本身。因此，設計沙發時可能更追求線條和比例，而設計拖拉機時，或許耐用性和保養方便才是最重要的。就所有好的設計而言，一個基本的考慮就是實際成本。因此，要進行有效的工業設計，設計師除了要有藝術才能，還要具備工程原理和材料、生產技術和成本、以及營銷條件方面的知識。

工業設計師不僅要考慮產品的設計，還必須考慮產品的銷售環境。例如，在規劃零售商店和展區時，工業設計師與建筑師攜手合作，拓展能產生收益的室內空間，創造有利于銷售的布局和氛圍。此外，工業設計師還致力于推動火車站、機場、賓館、購物中心、展會、餐廳、公共禮堂、電視臺、辦公室實現盈利運作。

解決每一個設計問題都需要特殊的步驟、時間安排和技術。不過，有一套放之四海而皆準的常規。首先，工業設計師必須了解客戶的需求，其中包括產品的目標市場、預算分配、公司政策和設備等相關數據。按著，與設計師合作的老師們要對競爭產品進行研究，并且對生產商的工廠展開廣泛的實地調查。然后，設計師根據現有的工廠設備制定設計方案，并繪制出產品的初步設計草圖。接下來，要對草圖進行篩選，作進一步的改進和研究，然后向客戶提交設計初稿，初稿通常采取微縮模型或實體模型的形式。當客戶選出滿意的設計后，就繪制施工圖，圖紙上要標注產品所使用的材料以及加工和裝配的技術說明。接著，是用手工制作出工作模型供客戶確認。例如，在汽車設計中，要用手工制作一臺或數臺汽車工作模型，并在試車場上進行測試，之后才會定制最終的機器沖模，投入生產。

就本質而言，工業設計師的工作是創造出一種模式，用來指導技術人員的工作或機器設備的運轉。工業設計的發展催生了各種新的工序，以便能夠直接對老產品進行設計改良。事實上，微縮模型無法準確地反映實比產品的設計特點，因為模型一經放大，高光部分和陰影部分就會改變基本空間關系，從而導致變形。基于這種情況，另一種工業設計方法應運而生。設計師采用某種攝影系統將小圖投射到墻面上，形成實際影像，以便查看實比設計圖樣，并且直接在投影上對設計進行修改。

工業設計行業共同關注的一個問題是如何應對新技術的種種利弊.將之服務于人類的需求。在世界經濟高速增長的情況下，工業設計又面臨新的挑戰，即要在由正常損耗引起的產品更替需求之外，讓消費者出于別的需求購買產品。時尚領域的購物頻率取決于審美趣味的變化頻率，因此時尚界的固有趨勢就是大家所說的“人為加速的過時”。這種趨勢雖然備受批評，但卻愈演愈烈，已經蔓延到了汽車和大型家電等其他產品領域。然而，對于衛生保健產業中的一次性產品來說，這種做法卻是無可非議的。

練習

1.Automakers plan to seek low-interest loans from the government to help them modernize their assembly plants and develop next-generation fuel-efficient vehicles.

2.The booming automobile industry and increasing demand from the local market presents great potentials to the foreign companies.

3.Automobile industry is the backbone industry of Chinese national economy. It is playing a major role in the development of national economy and improvement of people's living level.

4.Electronic products require skilled labor, electricity for power, a well-established machinery industry, and sufficient capital for investment.

5.The location of the industry in the "Silicon Valley" of northern California is due largely to the initial research and development conducted in the laboratories of universities and corporations in the San Francisco Bay area.

6.Although most industrialized nations manufacture airplanes, the United States is the major supplier to world market.

7.The new international agreement will accelerate research into new-generation plastics that are biodegradable and environmentally friendly.

8. The ideal location for a transportation industry is in a country that has a developed steel industry and a large home market.

9.With the hike in textile prices in Europe and North America, more and more international buyers turned their attention to Asian manufacturers.

10. The past three decades in the 20th century have witnessed the rapid industrial growth in China.

答案

1.汽車制造商們計劃向政府申請低息貸款，實現汽車裝配工廠的現代化，開發新一代低油耗車型。

2.不斷發展的汽車工業以及日益增長的本地市場需求為國外公司提供了巨大的潛在市場。

3.汽車工業是中國民族經濟的支柱產業，它在發展國民經濟和提高人民生活水平方面發揮重大作用。

4.電子產品需要熟練工人、電力、良好的機械工業以及足夠的投資。

5.加里福尼亞北部“硅谷”的工業選址在很大程度上歸因于舊金山灣地區大學以及公司實驗室所進行的發端性研究與開發。

6.盡管多數工業化國家都生產飛機，但美國是世界市場的主要供應商。

7.這份新的國際協議將促進新塑料產品的研究，開發可生物降解的環境友好型塑料產品。

8.運輸工業的理想選址是在擁有發達的鋼鐵工業和巨大的國內市場的國家。

9.隨著歐洲、北美地區紡織業成本的上漲，越來越多的國際采購商將目光轉向了亞洲的生產商家。

10.在20世紀最近30年里，中國工業飛速發展。