2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總
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【摘要】環球網校：2017年職稱英語考試報名尚未開始，目前備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生也在循序漸進的復習中。對此，環球小編整理了《2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總》，希望備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生都能順利通關。
為什么有這么多的孩子
非洲和亞洲的很多發展中國家，人P增長迅速。原因很簡單：這些國家的女人生育率很 高――每個女人平均有三個到七個孩子。這些女人大部分都很窮，沒有足夠的食物和資源來照顧 家庭。為什么她們要有這么多孩子呢?為什么她們不限制家庭的大小呢?答案是大多數時候她們 沒辦法選擇。這有很多原因。(環球網校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)
其中之一是經濟原因。傳統的農業經濟中，家庭成員數目多是十分有利的。孩子多意味著田 里的勞動力多且有人給父母養老。在工業經濟國家中情況就不同了。多數孩子不幫助家里，而是 增加家庭開銷。因此，工業化極大降低了生育率。這是意大利的一個例子，意大利最近幾年工業 化發展十分迅速。在20世紀前葉，意大利是個貧窮的農業國家，有著很高的生育率。第二次世界 大戰之后，意大利的現代化和工業化十分迅速。世紀之末其生育率降到世界最低，平均每個女人1. 3個孩子。
然而經°濟并不是唯一重要的影響出生率的因素。以沙特阿拉伯為例，那里并沒有以農業為基 礎的經濟，而且是人均收入最高的國家之一。然而還是有很高的生育率(7.0)。而像墨西哥和印 度尼西亞，主要是農業經濟的窮國，但他們的人口還在不斷地下降。
很明顯有其他的因素。最重要的就是婦女的狀況。高的生育率往往與婦女缺乏教育與社會地 位低下相關。這就能解釋沙特阿拉伯的出生率為什么如此之篼。傳統的文化使婦女缺乏教育或者 不能獨立，并且在外生存的技能很少。相反，墨西哥、泰國、印度尼西亞的生育率就低。他們的(環球網校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)
政府給婦女提供更多的教育和機會。
另一個重要的因素是計劃生育。女人們也許想限制家庭的大小，但是她們沒有辦法。一些倡 導計劃生育的政府為她們提供有效而且不貴的方式，生育率下降。比如新加坡、斯里蘭卡、印度 和印度尼西亞、泰國、墨西哥、巴西。在這些國家婦女被提供健康和計劃生育的幫助。
這些趨勢表明有效的控制人口的方案并不依賴于良好的經濟狀況。如果是致力于幫助婦女適 應她們的需求那么就是有效的。事實上只有這樣，才能有機會取得成功。
Why So Many Children?
In many of the developing countries in Africa and Asia , the population is growing fast . The reason for this is simple : Women in these countries have a high birth rate ― from 3.0 to 7.0 children per woman . The majority of these women are poor , without the food or resources to care for their families ? The answer may be that they often have no choice . There are several reasons for this .
One reason is economic . In a traditional agricultural economy , large families are helpful .
Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age1. In an industrial economy, the situation is different. Many children , do not help a family; instead, they are an expense. Thus, industrialization has generally brought down the birth rate. This was the case in Italy, which was industrialized quite recently and rapidly. In the early part of the twentieth century, Italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. After World WarⅡ, Italy's economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized. By the end of the century, the birth rate had dropped to 1. 3 children per woman, the world's lowest.
However, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate. Saudi Arabia, for example, does not have an agriculture-based economy, and it has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. Nevertheless, it also has a very high birth rate(7.0). Mexico and Indonesia, on the other hand, are poor countries, with largely agricultural economies, but they have recently reduced their population growth.
Clearly, other factors are involved. The most important of these is the condition of women. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women.2 This would explain the high birth rate of Saudi Arabia. There, the traditional culture gives women little education or independence and few possibilities outside the home. On the other hand, the improved condition of women in Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. Their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.(環球網校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)
Another key factor in the birth rate is birth control. Women may want to limit their families but have no way to do so. In countries where governments have made birth control easily available and inexpensive, birth rates have gone down. This is the case in Singapore, Sri Lanka, and India, as well as in Indonesia, Thailand, Mexico, and Brazil. In these countries, women have also been provided with health care and help in planning their families.
編輯推薦：
環球網校友情提示：2017年職稱英語考試報名尚未開始，本文整理“2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總”,供考生參考練習。如果您在此過程中遇到任何疑問，請登錄環球網校職稱英語頻道及職稱英語論壇，我們隨時與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!
【摘要】環球網校：2017年職稱英語考試報名尚未開始，目前備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生也在循序漸進的復習中。對此，環球小編整理了《2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總》，希望備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生都能順利通關。
為了活著吃飯
節食可能使你健康長壽，但并不好玩――節食可能不是非做不可的事。即使上了年紀再節食，我們仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力。
StephenSpindler和他在Riverside的加利福尼亞大學的同事們已經發現，一只高齡老鼠只要連續四周限制它進食，它的某些肝臟基因就會變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力，老鼠的肝基因恢復活力不會逆轉老鼠在其他方面的老化，但卻有助于肝臟代謝藥物或除去毒素。
Spindler的團隊正常飼養三只老鼠直到它們死，而另外三只老鼠只喂正常飼料定量的一半。另外三只老鼠在34個月大的時候――相當于人的70歲，從正常飼養轉到半量飼養一個月。
研究者檢查了這些老鼠肝臟的11000個基因的活動，發現正常飼養的老鼠隨著年齡的增長有46條肝臟基因發生變化。這種變化與炎癥和身體組織無限激增相關――這大概對老鼠的健康來說是個壞消息。在那些終生節食的老鼠中，這46條肝臟基因中的27條繼續像年輕的基因一樣活動，但最驚人的發現是那些上了年紀才開始節食的老鼠也能從70%的基因變化中受益。(環球網校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)
華盛頓附近的國家老年協會的HuberWarner說：“這是這些影響迅速起作用的第一個跡象。”
還沒有知道熱量限制是否在人身上和在老鼠身上一樣起作用，但是Spindler懷有希望。他說：“有吸引人的證據表明它能起作用。”
如果它確實能在人身上起作用，那就有足夠的理由使肝臟煥發青春秋戰國。當我們變老時，我們的身體對藥物的新陳代謝就不那么高效。Spindler說短期的節食足以使藥物充分發揮藥效。
但是Spindler不能肯定節食是否值得。他說：“老鼠們病少了，活的更長，但是它們感到饑餓。即便明白節食的作用，仍舊很難在飯館里說我只吃一半。”
Spindler希望在不久的將來，我們不必節食，他的公司，加利福尼亞壽命遺傳學，正在尋找有熱量控制作用的藥物。
Eat to Live
A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it’s not much fun―and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age.
Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.
Spindler’s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed for a month when they were 34 months old―equivalent to about 70 human years.
The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production―probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.
“This is the first indication that thee effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D. C.
No one yet knows if calorie works in people as it does in mice, bus Spindler is hopeful. “There’s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.
If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, out bodies are les efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.
But Spindler isn’t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer but they’re hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it’s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ‘I can only eat half of that’.”
Spindler hopes we soon won’t need to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.
編輯推薦：
環球網校友情提示：2017年職稱英語考試報名尚未開始，本文整理“2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總”,供考生參考練習。如果您在此過程中遇到任何疑問，請登錄環球網校職稱英語頻道及職稱英語論壇，我們隨時與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!
【摘要】環球網校：2017年職稱英語考試報名尚未開始，目前備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生也在循序漸進的復習中。對此，環球小編整理了《2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總》，希望備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生都能順利通關。
美國疾病防治策
周二，健康及人道服務部秘書托米湯姆森發起了一項耗資1500萬美元的計劃，大力推進社區在預防諸如心臟病，癌癥及糖尿病上發揮更大能量，以鼓勵美國人承擔起確保自己健康的責任。(環球網校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)
這一行動強調了慢性病――造成美國國人死亡的主要原因所引起的損失，概括了國人預防疾病的途徑，包括改善飲食和增加鍛煉。
健康和人道服務部在報告中指出，“今天，在美國70%的死亡是由慢性病引起的，絕大多數醫療費用也花在慢性病的治療上。”
原因往往是行為上的――吸煙、不良的飲食習慣以及缺乏鍛煉。
“我確信通過增進健康來預防疾病是一項利在將來的精明之舉。”湯姆森在發起該倡議的會議上說。
“我們當前的健康醫療體系不是為應付治療那些基本上可以通過改變生活方式來預防的疾病的費用不斷上升來設立的。”
湯姆森說道，全國心臟病和中風在2003年將要耗資3510億美元。
“男性和女性死亡的主要原因都基本上可以預防，但作為一個國家，我們卻尚未采取必要措施使人們生活的更為健康長壽，”他說道。
調撥1500萬美元給社區來推動預防工作，促使變化，細微到修建人行道，鼓勵人們多多步行。
每天鍛煉，比如走步，能夠預防以及治療心臟病及糖尿病，且能預防癌癥和中風。
這批撥款也將撥給社區組織、診所及營養師，鼓勵他們合作，教育有患糖尿病風險的人們如何去預防，鼓勵人們多做早期癌癥檢查。
美國癌癥學會估計，所有類型癌癥的一半可用早期癌癥檢查測出，包括針對宮頸癌的巴氏實驗、針對乳腺癌的乳房X線照片、結腸鏡檢查以及前列腺檢查。
如果這些所有癌癥都能夠早期檢查測出，該組織估計癌癥存活率將上升到95%。
New US Plan for Disease prevention
Urging Amaricans to take responsibility for their health,Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy thompson Tuesday launched a $15million program to try to encourage communities to do more to prevent chronic diseaseslike heart diseases,cancer and diabetes.
The initiative highlights the cost of chronic diseases――the leading causes of death in the United States――and outlines ways that people can prevent them,including better diet and increased exercise.
“In the United States today,7of 10 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness,disability and health care costs are caused by chronic diseases,”the Health and Human Services Department said in a statement.
The causes are often behavioral_smoking,poor eating habits and a lack of exercise.
“I am convinced that previenting disease bu promoting better health is a smart policy choice for our future,”Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative.
“Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the escalating costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle choices.”
Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than $351billion in 2003.
“These leading causes of death for men and women are largely preventable,yet we as a nation are not taking the steps necessary for us to lead healthier ,longer lives,”he said.
The $15 million is stated to go to communities to promote prevention,pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more.
Dily exercise such as walking can prevent and even reverse heart disease and diabetes,and prevent cancer and strokes.
The money will also go to community organizations,clinics and nutritionists who are being encouraged to work together to educate people at risk of diabetes about what they can do to prevent it and encourage more cancer screening.
The Amirican Cancer Sociey estimates that half of all cancers can be caught by screening,including Pap tests for cervical cancer,mammogams for breast cancer,colonoscopies ,and prostate checks.
If such cancers were all caught by early screening,the group estimates that the survival rate for cancer would rise to 95 percent.(環球網校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)
編輯推薦：
環球網校友情提示：2017年職稱英語考試報名尚未開始，本文整理“2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總”,供考生參考練習。如果您在此過程中遇到任何疑問，請登錄環球網校職稱英語頻道及職稱英語論壇，我們隨時與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!
【摘要】環球網校：2017年職稱英語考試報名尚未開始，目前備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生也在循序漸進的復習中。對此，環球小編整理了《2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總》，希望備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生都能順利通關。
國際航空公司的經營
國際航空公司重新發現，商業游客經常定期乘坐國際航班，這甚至成為他們工作的一部分。這并不一定意味著國際航空曾經忽視了商業乘客。相反，漢莎航空公司和瑞士航空公司聲稱他們總是盡量滿足商業人士階層的乘客。但是許多航空公司被指責說過去太注重由運載量吸引乘客，造成老顧客的流失。公司經常為了數量而非質量進行調整。
主要航線的經營本質上是要為乘客找到合適的安排。航空公司可以讓低價位機票乘客乘坐寬機身飛機的尾部，不能忘記前端需要讓機票價位較高者乘坐。
兩家主要的廉價航空公司的倒閉并不是巧合。但是低票價需要總是滿機以使班機在經濟方面可以生存，在最近的蕭條期運載量并沒有增長。容量過剩和殘酷的競爭引起票價下降，迫使一些航空公司到閉，把許多別的公司推到倒閉的邊緣。
在這種嚴峻的背景下，航空公司不斷轉向商業游客以提高利潤就不足為奇了。他們付出了大量的時間和精力去滿足他們多座位的要求，并將他們與普通游客相區分。
在優先取舍的列表上還有準時性，經理們的時間是寶貴的。客機服務是航班為了爭取商業人士注意力的有一個領域。免費的飲品，耳機和可口的食物都是很有誘惑力的因素。(環球網校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)
另外一個發展是強調座位的安排。老乘客對座位的傾斜度很精通---因為這會影響前后座之間的間隙。一等艙提供傾斜式，這樣在長時間的旅程中，乘客能得到一個良好睡眠。實踐證明，臥椅很受乘客們的喜愛，它將會在所有飛機的前端被普遍應用。
航空公司還試圖改善地面服務。執行休息室增加了，這樣乘客們等待航班的時間可以變得更好過一些。行李處理服務業改善了。不過遺憾的是，在加快繁瑣的入境通關手續方面，航空公司能做的很有限。各大洲各階層的乘客們只有繼續厭煩沮喪的份了。
盡管航空公司的目的是從它們的競爭對手中吸引商業乘客，航空公司將盡力改變這類乘客的壞習慣――預定昂貴的機票卻沒有乘坐。這種現象在歐洲尤為廣泛，商業人士經常在不同的航班預定返程機票。
The Operation of International Airlines
International airlines have rediscoved the business traveler, the man or women who regularly jets from country to country as part of the job. This does not necessarily mean that airlines ever abandoned their business travelers. Instead, companies like Lufthansa and Swissair would right argue that they have always catered best for the executive class passengers. But many airlines could be accused of concentrating too heavily in the recent past on attracting passengers by volume, often at the expense of the regular traveler. Too often, they have seemed geared for quantity rather than quality.
Operating a major airline is essentially a matter of finding the right mix of passengers. The airlines need to fill up the back end of their wide-bodied jets with low fare passengers, without forgetting that the front end should be filled with people who pay substantially more for their tickets.
It is no coincidence that the two major airline bankruptcies were among the companies specializing in cheap flights. But low fares require consistently full aircraft to make flights economically viable, and in the recent recession the volume of traffic has not grown. Equally the large number of airlines jostling for the available passengers has created a huge excess of been to push some airlines into collapse and leave many others hovering on the brink.
Against this grim background, it is no surprise that airlines are turning increasingly towards the business travelers to improve their rates of return. They have invested much time and effort to establish exactly what the executive demands for sitting apart from the tourists.
High on the list of priorities is punctuality; an executive’s time is money. In-flight service is another area where the airlines are jostling for the executive’s attention. The free drinks and headsets and better food are all part of the lure.
Another development has been the accent of seating arrangements. Regular travelers have become well versed in the debate about seat pitch- the amount of room between each passenger. And first-class passengers are now offered sleeperette seats, which, for long journeys, make it possible to snatch a proper night’s sleep. Sleeperettes have proved so popular that they will soon become universal in the front end of most aircraft.
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環球網校友情提示：2017年職稱英語考試報名尚未開始，本文整理“2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總”,供考生參考練習。如果您在此過程中遇到任何疑問，請登錄環球網校職稱英語頻道及職稱英語論壇，我們隨時與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!
【摘要】環球網校：2017年職稱英語考試報名尚未開始，目前備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生也在循序漸進的復習中。對此，環球小編整理了《2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總》，希望備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生都能順利通關。
桑 拿 浴
儀式性的沐浴已經有幾千年的歷史，并且有多種形式，其中的一種就是桑拿浴。芬蘭人完善了蒸汽浴。它可以在一個封閉的房間里將水澆在滾燙的石頭上，或是一種干的蒸汽浴這一形式。用熱蒸汽干蒸的方式在古羅馬很受歡迎，而哥倫布發現美洲大陸前的美洲人則使用充滿蒸汽的小屋。
最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于當時還沒有掌握煙囪技術，山洞里總是充滿著火焰引起的濃煙。人們在火槽里生火，加熱山洞的四壁。當墻壁達到一定的溫度時，將濃煙排出洞外，這使得墻壁還能保持幾個小時的高溫。今天，有一些人認為有煙的桑拿浴，“煙熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿體驗，而所有的桑拿浴都應該至少有煙熏或煙味兒的背景。現在，盡管煤油爐和燒木頭的火爐仍然可以使用，大多數的桑拿浴都是用電爐。
桑拿浴能使人放松并消除壓力。肌肉疼痛或關節炎都可以利用桑拿浴的熱氣減輕疼痛和炎癥。熱氣還可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加順暢。桑那浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以減輕患者的胸悶感，加快康復的速度。在蒸桑拿時，人體溫度通常會上升1~2度，就像發低燒一樣的感覺。因此，蒸桑拿可以說是印證了一句老話：“傷風時宜吃，發熱時宜熱。”定期蒸桑拿可以預防感冒的發生。(環球網校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)
蒸桑拿對皮膚也有好處。它可以促進皮膚的血液循環和出汗。在這個過程中，成年人一般每小時要蒸發2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢，使皮膚變得光潔。失水只是暫時性的，人體機能能夠很快補充合適的水量。在熱氣交換的過程中，心臟跳動得更快，這就使心血管系統也得到了鍛煉，蒸桑拿浴時的心率能從原來的平均每分鐘72下，增加到100~150下。
健康的心臟可以承受這種變化，而那些心臟病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前應該先征求醫生的建議。同樣的，老年人和糖尿病患者也應如此。孕婦則不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是懷孕的頭三個月。其實，每個人在剛開始嘗試桑拿浴時都應該先是短時間的，直到適應了這種沐浴方式。
Sauna
Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath, or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.
The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. a fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “svusauna”, is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.
Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving. Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion and speed recovery time. The body’s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.
Sauna is goof for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body’s physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system gets work out as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.
A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor’s advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.
編輯推薦：
環球網校友情提示：2017年職稱英語考試報名尚未開始，本文整理“2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總”,供考生參考練習。如果您在此過程中遇到任何疑問，請登錄環球網校職稱英語頻道及職稱英語論壇，我們隨時與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!
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