2012年自考英語復習資料：語法總結（四）
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(5)定語從句$lesson$
(一)定義及相關術語
1.定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。
2.先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。轉自環 球 網 校edu24ol.com
3.關系詞：引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。
關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;關系副詞有when, where, why等。
關系詞通常有下列三個作用：A、引導定語從句;B、代替先行詞;C、在定語從句中擔當一個成分。例如：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 該句中,who is shaking hands with my father 是定語從句,修飾先行詞the man, “who”是引導定語從句的關系詞,代替先行詞the man,在定語從句中作主語。
(二)關系代詞引導的定語從句
1.who 指人,在定語從句中作主語。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點到大門口集合。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我幫助了一位迷路的老人。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我們物理的老師。
2.whom 指人,在定語從句中做賓語,常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. 劉先生就是你們在公共汽車上談論的那個人。
Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see. 李明正是我想要見的男孩。
The professor (whom) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已經來了。
The girl (whom) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老師經常表揚的那個女孩是我們的班長。
注意：關系代詞whom 在口語或非正式文體中常可用who 來代替,也可省略。
The man (whom / who)you met just now is my old friend.
3.Which 指物,在定語從句中做主語或賓語,做賓語時常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多數男孩所喜歡的運動。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造計算機的那家公司離這兒很遠。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜歡外國作家寫的書。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖邊的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。
This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 這是他昨天買的鋼筆。
The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他們昨晚看的電影一點意思也沒有。
4.That 指人時,相當于who 或whom;指物時,相當于which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年來參觀這座城市的人數達一百萬。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那個人在哪兒?
The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介紹給我的那個人很友好。
The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季節是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封來自澳大利亞的信。
5.Whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語。轉自環 球 網 校edu24ol.com
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜訪了一個全國知名的科學家。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一個爸爸當醫生的朋友。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾經住在那幢屋頂已經倒塌了的房子里。
注意：指物時,常用下列結構來代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
(三)“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句
關系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,從句常常由“介詞+關系代詞”引出。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾經就讀過的學校很出名。
Tomorrow I'll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I'll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我將把你要的雜志帶來。
This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 這是我昨天跟他打臺球的男孩。
We'll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我們將去聽那位我們經常談論的著名歌唱家演唱。
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
我工作的那家公司的經理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。
注意：1. 含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開,介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 這是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . (誤)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那個保姆照看的小寶寶們都很健康。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. (誤)
2.若介詞放在關系代詞前,關系代詞指人時只可用whom,不可用who, that;關系代詞指物時只可用which,不可用that.關系代詞是所有格時用whose.
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你剛才跟他談話的那個人是我的鄰居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (誤)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我們去加拿大所乘坐的飛機實在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (誤)
3.“介詞+關系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞或者數詞。如：
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地愛著他的父母,他們倆待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 籃子里有好些蘋果,有些已經壞了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我們班總共有40個學生,大多數來自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今為止,他寫了10部小說,其中3部是關于農村生活的。
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