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　　2015年職稱英語考試知識解析：否定和倒裝

　　在英語閱讀中我們有時會遇到一些特殊的結構，比如：

　　1.Young as he was, he faced(面對) the difficult situation(情況) calmly(平靜地).

　　Although he was young, he faced the difficult situation calmly.

　　2.Very seldom will you find that two clocks or watches exactly(正好， 精確地) agree(一致).

　　You will seldom find that two clocks or watches exactly agree.

　　3. He failed to pass the examination in the end(最終).

　　4. We can't be too careful in driving.

　　(from Will we take vacations in space? 2004年版A級)

　　After all, you can’t be too prepared for a trip to that galaxy (星系)far, far away. /我們為去往遙遠的星系的旅行作的準備越充分越好

　　l 倒裝(inversion)

　　英語中,通常是主語在謂語動詞的前面, 是“主語+謂語”結構，這叫陳述語序，也稱為正常語序,(normal order), 如果將謂語的全部或一部分放在主語之前, 就稱為倒裝語序(inverted order)。有的倒裝語序把整個謂語動詞放在主語之前, 稱為完全倒裝，有的只是謂語動詞的一部分(通常是助動詞,情態動詞,系動詞be或謂語的一部分)放在主語之前, 稱為部分倒裝.例如:

　　正常語序 Her student stood by her side.

　　倒裝語序 By her side stood her student.

　　正常語序 We have rarely found him in such a good mood.

　　倒裝語序 Rarely have we found him in such a good mood.

　　一、全部倒裝

　　1.There be句型是一種全部倒裝句，如：

　　There are over a hundred elements (元素)in the world.

　　有時為了生動地描寫事物，其它一些表示存在意義的不及物動詞也可用于此句型。這些動詞有：exist, stand, live, remain, appear, come, happen, occur, rise等, 如：

　　There stands (站立)a monument(紀念碑) at the center of (在...的中心)the square.廣場中心立著一塊紀念碑。

　　There exist (存在)different opinions (意見)on this question.在這個問題上存在不同意見。

　　2.以here, there, now, then, thus等引導的句子，習慣上主謂語全部倒裝，其謂語動詞通常是不帶助動詞或情態動詞的不及物動詞。例：

　　Here is a ticket for you. 這里有你一張票。

　　comp: A ticket is here for you.

　　Now comes your turn(機會).現在該論到你了。

　　Comp: Your turn comes now.

　　Thus ended the lecture(演講).這樣演講便結束了。

　　The lecture thus ended.

　　3.表示方向、地點的狀語置于句首，而謂語又是表示運動的動詞或表示存在的動詞時，句子的主、謂語通常全部倒裝。

　　Down came the bird.

　　Comp: The bird came down.

　　On a hill in front of them stood a great castle(城堡).在他們面前的山上，聳立著一座巨大的城堡。

　　Comp: A great castle stood on a hill in front of them.

　　Away went a car like a flash(閃電).

　　Comp: A car went away like a flash.

　　這種表示方向、地點的詞或詞組有：up, down, away, in, out, off等。

　　注意：主語是人稱代詞時一般不能倒裝。如：

　　Away they went.它來了。他們走了。

　　4.有時表語前置或分詞前置也構成全部倒裝。例：

　　Happy indeed(確實) are the young people of today.今天的年輕人實在幸福。

　　二、部分倒裝

　　1.否定詞或具有(半)否定意義的詞語置于句首作為句首狀語時，一般必須采用部分倒裝語序。

　　具有否定或半否定意義的詞和詞組有：no, never, seldom, little, few, rarely, hardly, never before, nowhere, no longer, no more, not until, not only, at no time(決不), in no way(決不), in/under no circumstances(決不), in no case(決不), on no account(決不), hardly…when, scarcely…when/before, no sooner……than, not only…but(also)等。如：

　　Never before have I seen such a wonderful(奇妙的) park.我從來未看見過這樣美麗的公園。

　　Comp: I have never seen such a wonderful park before.

　　No sooner had I gone out than it rained.我剛出去，就下雨了。

　　Comp: I had no sooner (一但...立即)gone out than it rained.

　　Seldom have I met him recently(最近). 最近我很少遇見他。

　　Comp: I have seldom met him recently.

　　Under no circumstances will we be the first to use nuclear weapons(核武器).無論在什么情況下我們都不會首先使用核武器。

　　Comp: We will not be the first to use weapons under any circumstances.

　　Not only did he refuse(拒絕) the gift, he also severely(嚴厲地) criticized (批評)the young sender.他不僅拒絕收禮，而且嚴厲地批評了年輕的送禮者。