?常

　　?常とは?教の最も大事な世界友の1つで、すべて生あるものは必ず死に、?化しないものはない、という生々流?の帳滓です。日本では古くから文學の主要なテ┼マとなり、中世の『平家物遮』『方丈?』『徒然草』や江??代(1603～1867)の芭蕉の『奧の?道』など、日本の有名な作品の基整をなしています。

　　『平家物遮』では「……盛者必衰のことわりを表す。おごれるものは久しからず……」と?大な?力を掌った最初の武士集?、平家が?亡した物遮を遮り、『方丈?』では「行く川の流れは浸えずしてしかももとの水にあらず……」と、エッセイの冒钷を?常友から始めています。

　　Mujo(Transiency)

　　Transinecy is one of the most important views of the world in In Buddhism; it refers to the notion of the transmigration of souls, which holds that every single life inevitably dies and everything is under constant change. Since ancient times it has been a chief subject of literature in Japan, and has formed the underlying tone of such famous Japanese works as the "Tale of Heike," the "Ten-Foot-Square Hut," and the "Essays in Idleness," in the midieval times, and the "Narrow Road to the Deep North" by Basho in the Edo Period(1603-1867).

　　The "Tale of Heike" tells the story of the fall of Heike, the first clan of warriors that have enjoyed strong power:"....(Buddhist teaching) reveals the law that the prosperous must decay, and pride goes before a fall....". And in the "Ten-Foot-Square Hut," the essay begins with a view of the world as transient: "Ceaselessly the river flows, and yet the water is never the same."