第十二篇 $lesson$

Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens

　　While some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to“self-medicate” against the blues，scientists at the University of Toronto1 and the University of Montreal2 have found that smoking may actually （1） depressive symptoms in some teens.

　　“This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived （2 ）benefits of smoking among teens，"says lead researcher Michael Chaiton，a research associate3 at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto.“ （3 ）cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating （4 ）or to improve mood，in the long term4 we found that teens who started to smoke reported5 higher depressive symptoms."

　　As part of the study，some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires （5 ）their use of cigarettes to affect mood.Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants，urban and rural schools，and schools （6 ）in high， moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods6.

　　Participants were divided into three （7 ）：never smokers;smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate，improve mood or physical （8 ）;smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate.Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired to do things;had （9 ）going to sleep or staying （10 ）;felt unhappy，sad，or depressed;felt hopeless about the future;felt vexed，antsy or tense;and worried too much about things.

　　"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood （11） had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked，"says co-researcher Jennifer O’Loughlin，a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine7.“Our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of （12 ）depressive symptoms.”

　　The（13） between depression and smoking exists （14 ）among teens that use cigarettes to feel better.“It’s （15） to emphasize that depressive symptom scores8 were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke,” says Dr.Chaiton.

　　詞匯：

　　puff v.遇到 antsy adj.坐立不安的，煩躁的

　　self-medicate v.自我治療 blues n.抑郁

　　vexed adj.煩慮的

　　注釋：

　　1.the University of Toronto：(加拿大)多倫多大學

　　2.the University of Montreal：(加拿大)蒙特利爾大學

　　3.research associate：助理研究員

　　4.in the long term：從長遠看

　　5.reported：用的是主動態，是自我“報告”的意思。研究人員用問卷的方式進行調查。被調查的青少年自我填寫問題的答案。

　　6.High, moderate and，low socioeconomic neighbourhoods：高檔、中檔和低檔社區

　　7.the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine：蒙特利爾大學社會和預防醫學系。此處the University of Montreal是定語，修飾Department of Social and Preventive Medicine。

　　8.scores：得分。指問卷的統計數字。

　　練習：

　　1?A examine B increase C decrease D diagnose

　　2?A social B financial C emotional D political

　　3.A Whatever B Although C Whenever D what

　　4? A effects B methods C steps D directions

　　5.A beside B beyond C in D about

　　6.A exposed B expanded C located D detected

　　7?A groups B sets C species D versions

　　8?A world B activity C state D beauty

　　9?A time B courage C energy D trouble

　　10.A asleep B awake C still D silent

　　l 1.A reducers B improvers C creators D removers

　　l 2?A changing B identifying C developing D overcoming

　　1 3.A difference B association C cooperation D agreement

　　l 4?A occasionally B scarcely C probably D principally

　　1 5 A illogical. B unscientific C meaningless D important

　　答案與題解：

　　1.B本文的重點是介紹借抽煙緩解抑郁情緒的青少年到后來他們的depressive symptoms (抑郁癥狀)反而加重了。第二、第五、第六段都明確提到這一點。所以B(increase)是答案。其他三個選項的詞義與上下文的意思搭不上。

　　2.C 抽煙緩解抑郁是一種情緒上(emotional)的得益，不會是social(社會上的)、financial(經濟上的)或polotical(政治上的)得益。所以答案是C。

　　3.B 空格所在的句子雖然缺字，意思還是清楚的，前半句的意思與后半句的意思是相反的。前半句說香煙看上去有助于改善心情，后半句說從長遠角度看，depressive symptoms的風險反而會增加。四個選項中只有選項B的Although能將前半句和后半句連接起來，并賦予“讓步"的意思o

　　4.A句中的or是“即”，也就是說，to have self-medicating加上填入的詞之后的意思相當于to improve mood。四個選項中只有選項A的effects(效果)是填人空格的最合適的詞。to improve mood是自我治療的效果。其他三個選項methods、steps、directions與self-medicating連用，意思分別為“自我治療的方法"、“自我治療的步驟”、“自我治療的指導”，與句子的意思不相配。

　　5.D 本題要填人的詞是介詞。分析下來，their use of cigarettes to affect mood應該是questionnaire(問卷)所要了解的內容。所以，about是正確的選擇。

　　6.C.科學家在選擇問卷對象時注意了代表性，人選的青少年既有講法語的，也有講英語的，他們就讀的學校有城市的，也有農村的。接下來的問題是：在schools和in high，moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods(高檔社區、中檔社區和低檔社區)之間選哪個詞才符合上下文的意思呢?很明顯，這些學校有位于高檔社區的，也有位于中檔和低檔社區的。所以選項C的located是答案。

　　7.A本句的意思很明顯，問卷的參與者被分成三組或三類。groups是正確的選擇。再看其他三個選項：three sets是“三套"，three species是“三個物種”，three versions是“三個版本”，沒有一個是合適的。“

　　8.C科學家將參與者分成三組，其中一組的參與者不采用吸煙作為自我調節情緒的手段。填人的詞應與情緒、身體等有關，荇選A、B、D，組成的詞組physical world(物質世界)、physical activity(體育活動)、physical beauty(形態美)均與上文的意思接不上，所以A、B、D不會是答案。由C的state組成的詞組physical state(身體狀況)與上文的意思連貫。因此C是答案。

　　9.D本段介紹了問卷包含的問題。作者羅列的問題都是負面的，如乏力、失眠、煩躁等。所以填入空格的詞也應該是負面的。trouble符合這個要求，是本題的答案。 .

　　10.A 第九題選了trouble，空格所在的句子是“…had trouble going to sleep or staying ”。or是“即"的意思，也就是說，had trouble going to sleep意思上就相當于staying 。根據這一判斷，填入空格的詞非awake莫屬。

　　11.B。第一段和第二段都說到，抽煙緩解抑郁心情最終導致更抑郁。本句“Smokers who used cigarettes as mood had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked”表達的是同樣的意思。文章第二段和第三段都出現improve mood，所以，mood后面要填入的詞應該是improvers。選項A、C、D的意義均不符合上下文。

　　12.C本句又重復了上題所表達的意思。只有developing的意義才符合上下文，因此是答案。ehlonpgin;是z depression掣燃某妻薹害磊曼徽

　　13.B從上下文判斷，本句指的是depression和smoking之間的聯系，不會是它們之間的差異(difference)、合作(cooperation)或一致性(agreement)。Association的詞義是“聯系”，所以是答案。

　　14.D調查的對象是青少年，所以不可能是occasionally(偶爾)、scarcely(幾乎不)或probably(很可能)在青少年之中，而是principally(主要)在青少年之中。

　　15.D 從通篇文章判斷，“to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke"是做這項 調查的發現和緒論，作者說出這一點，只會認為很重要(important)，不會認為不合乎邏輯(illogical)，不科學(unscientific)或沒有意義(meaningless)。所以，important是答案。