在英語中，時態是英語語法中的難點之一，它種類多，容易混淆，下面結合前面學過的九大句型通過例句說明，并做時態比較，幫助英語學習者理解和掌握時態的用法。

    一．何謂時、體、態

    所謂時是指動作或狀態所處的時間。分為過去、現在和將來。以下以我們前面講過的十大簡單句型為主線，系統講解。進而對此有更深的理解。例：

    1．主語+系動詞+表語

    1）. Tom is a college student.
    Tom was a college student.
    Tom will be a college student.

    2 ）It is sunny today.
    It was sunny yesterday.
    It will be sunny tomorrow.

    2. S +V+O 主語+謂語+賓語
    Tom studies English now.
    Tom studied English years ago.
    Tom will study English.

    3. S+V 主語+謂語
    Tom studies hard.
    Tom studied hard before.
    Tom will study hard in the future.

    4. S+V+Oi+Od 主語+謂語+間接賓語+ 直接賓語
    Tom gives me a book.
    Tom gave me a book.
    Tom will give me a book.

    5. S+V+O+S 主語+謂語（動詞）+賓語+補語
    Tom makes me sad.
    Tom made me sad.
    Tom will make me sad.

    6. S+have+O 主語 +have+ 賓語
    Tom has many friends.
    Tom had many friends.
    Tom will have many friends.

    7. “there + be …”句型
    There are some books on the shelf.
    There were some books on the shelf.
    There will be some books on the shelf.

    8. 比較句型

   1) A …than + B （比較級）
   Tom is taller than sally.
   Tom was taller than sally.
   Tom will be taller than sally.
   Tom works harder than sally.
   Tom worked hard than sally.
   Tom will work hader than sally.

   2) as…as… （原級比較）
   Tom is as tall as sally.
   Tom was as tall as sally.
   Tom will be as tall as sally.
   Tom works as hard as sally.
   Tom worked as hard as sally.
   Tom will work as hard as sally.

    9． “It is + adj形容詞 + to do /從句”
    It is important to learn English grammar.
    It was important to learn Russin grammar.
    It will be important to learn Russin grammar.
    It is important that we learn English.
    It was important that we learnt Russin grammar.
    It will be important that we learn Russin grammar

    所謂“體”，是指動作在過去、現在和將來三個不同時間所處的狀態。即：常態、進行或完成。那么就有了過去、現在和將來的常態、過去、現在和將來的進行、過去、現在和將來的完成。注意，“體”所表達的主要是對動作的描述，就“主―系―表”結構而言，因為只用來表達靜態的事物，所以不存在進行和完成的問題。我們通過以上例句做進一步的說明：

    1．  主語+系動詞+表語

    1）. Tom is a college student.
    Tom was a college student.
    Tom has a college student.

    2 ）It is sunny today.
    It was sunny yesterday.
    It has sunny .

    2. S +V+O 主語+謂語+賓語
    Tom studies English now.
    Tom is studying English now.
    Tom was studying English at 8:00 yesterday..
    Tom has studied English.

    3. S+V 主語+謂語
    Tom studies hard.
    Tom is studiying hard.
    Tom was studying hard before.
    Tom has studied hard

    4. S+V+Oi+Od 主語+謂語+間接賓語+ 直接賓語
    Tom gives me a book.
    Tom is giving me a book.
    Tom was giving me a book at that time.
    Tom gave me a book.
    Tom has given me a book.

    5. S+V+O+S 主語+謂語（動詞）+賓語+補語
    Tom makes me sad.
    Tom made me sad.
    Tom is making me sad
    Tom has made me sad.

    6. S+have+O (主語 +have+ 賓語)
    Tom has many friends.
    Tom had many friends.
    Tom has had many friends.

    所謂“態”，是指主被動關系。即動作的執行者和接受者哪個位于動作的前面，動作的執行者位于動作的前面，就構成主動關系。也就是我們前面舉的例子。若動作的接受者位于動作的前面，則構成被動態。出現這樣不同的語態，是由于表達和強調的需要，或沒必要指明動作的執行者。請看例句及語態的變化形式：

    一般過去時中的)被動語態
    被動語態與主動語態在使用上的區別。   
    a 。  
    讀一讀這兩個問題并回答。
    Who built this bridge?誰修建的這座橋?
    Prisoners of war built this bridge in l942．戰俘于1942年建的這座橋。
    When was this bridge built? 橋是什么時候建的?
    This bridge was built in l942．橋是1942年建的。
  
    在第一個問題中我們想知道是誰建了這座橋，在第二個問題中我們想弄清有關橋的一些情況。因此，第一句使用了主動語態，第二句運用了被動語態。    •
   我們也可以講清是什么人修建的這座橋，用“by十動作執行者”的結構來表示，我們可以說：    ，This bridge was built by prisoners of war in 1942．這座橋是戰俘于1942年修建的。
   b 。
      仔細地閱讀以下幾對句子，每對中的第一句話告訴我們‘個人(回答“誰”)，第二句話告訴我們一件事(回答“什么”或“哪一個”)。  
    Workmen are building a new road outside my house．(Who)工人們正在我的房子外面修一條新路。
    A new road is being built outside my house．(則，砒)我的房子外面有一條新路在建設之中。
    The newsagent delivers our papers every moming．(Who)每天上午送報人來送我們的報紙。   
    Our papers are delivered every morning．(What)我們的報紙每天上午送到。
    The postman delivered a letter this morning．(Who)今天上午郵遞員送來了一封信。
A letter was delivered this morning．(what)今天上午來了一封信。 
 
    二． 時態的構成規律

    英語通過對動詞形式的變化來構成不同的時態和語態。主要是使用be和have作為標識，其構成是有規律的。Be的作用是用來構成進行時和被動語態。Have 用來構成完成時。兩者合起來與動詞可構成完成時的被動語態完成進行時。看例句（以work, follow為例）：

    1）be：
    They are working.(現在進行)
    They were working.（過去進行）
        They will be working.（將來進行）
    They are followed. （現在的被動）
    They are being followed.（現在進行的被動）
    They were being followed.（過去進行的被動）
    They will be being followed.（將來進行的被動）

    2) have
    They have worked.（現在完成）
    They had worked.  （過去完成）
    They will have work.（將來完成）

    3) have + be:
    They have been working.（現在完成進行）
    They had been working.  （過去完成進行）
    They will have been working.（將來完成進行）
    The work has been done.   （現在完成被動）
    The work had been done.    （過去完成被動）
    The work will have been done. （將來完成被動）
    The work has been being done. (現在完成進行的被動)
    The work had been being done （過去完成進行的被動）
 
    三．時態的比較

    1．一般現在時與現在完成時

    (1)I come from Shanghai．(上海人)
    I have come from Shanghai．(從上海來)

    (2)You read very well．(強調能力)
    You've read very well．(強調一次剛完成的動作)

    (3)  I forget．(一時想不起來了)
      I have forgotten．(仍沒想起來，可能已回憶起來了)

   (4)  The book is written in simple English．(表狀態)
      The book has been written in simple English．(表動態，已用英語寫成)

   (5) Every time I see him，he's been reading．(兩個動作不可能同時進行)．
      Every time l have seen him，he's been reading．(強調兩個動作同時進行)

   (6) He is gone．(強調狀態)He has gone．(強調動作和時間)

   (7) He won't come till the play begins．(演出開始時)
      He won't come till the play has begun．(戲已開始)

   (8)AfterI leave school，I'11 go to college．(兩個動作緊密相接)
      After l have left school，I'll go to college．(強調畢業后，兩個動作可能有間隔)

，   (9)  It is a long time since I saw you last．
    It's been a long time since Isaw you last 這兩句話一樣，后一句是美國英語)

   (10)  Where are you?(在哪兒) Where have you been?(去了哪兒)

    2．一般現在時與現在進行時

    (1) He works hard．(強調始終如一) He is working hard．(強調現在)

    (2) What do you do?(干什么工作的) What are you doing?(在干什么)

    (3) Here comes the bus!(表高興和欣慰) The bus is coming．(汽車到來的情景)

    (4) I forget his name．I'm forgetting his name．(差點把他的名字忘了)

    (5) You don't eat much．(強調胃口不大)
       You're not eating much．(你怎么不吃呀。)

    (6) The match starts at 7 0'clock．(比較固定，不宜改變)
       The match is starting at 7 0'clock．(可以改變)

    (7) Tom always comes late．Tom is always coming late．(表示不滿，責備)

    (8) Tom goes to college now．

       Tom is going to college now．(這兩句區別不大，后者更生動)

    (9) I tell you．(我可以告訴你。)
       I'm telling you．(我告訴你吧。有感情色彩)

    (10) He always sleeps in the afternoon．(強調下午睡覺)
        He is always sleeping in the afternoon．(后者意味著整個下午都睡覺了)

    (11) I expect you to phone me．(幾乎等于命令)
        I'm expecting you to phone me．(婉轉)

    (12) What do you say?
        What are you saying?(你說些什么呀?表說話人驚訝，不滿)  

    (13) I find that the book is too difficult for me．(強調結果)
        I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me．(強調過程，逐漸感到)

    (14) Apples cost more these days．(強調事實)
        Apples are costing more these days．(越來越貴)

    (15) He always thinks of others．(強調事實)
        He's always thinking of others．(表示贊揚)

    (16) Whenever I see him，he argues with somebody．(強調兩個動作有先后)
        Whenever I see him，he is arguing with somebody．(強調兩個動作同時進行)

    (17) I hope you'll give us some advice．(語氣直白)
        I'm hoping you'll give us some advice．(表示語氣婉轉)

    (18) I must go．(我應該去。)
     I must be going．(我該走了。)

    (19) We can discuss this while we eat．(說話時沒用餐)
       We can discuss this while we are eating . (進餐已開始)

    3．現在完成時與過去一般時

    (1) I've seen him this morning(還在上午的時間里)
    I saw him this morning．(時間已過了上午)

    (2) Who's opened the window? (窗戶還在開著)
     Who opened the window? (與現在無關，窗戶可能已關上)

    (3) Have you ever heard him sing?(他可能不愛唱歌)
     Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾聽過他唱歌嗎?他可能是歌唱家)

    (4) Have you ever heard of such a thing?(你聽過這種事嗎?)
     Did you ever hear of such a thing?(這種事你聽說過嗎?這是一個修辭性問題，表
  表示驚異。

    (5)  What have I done to make you so angry? (對方仍生氣)
     What did I do to make you so angry? (暗示某一過去的時間，可能對方已不生
  氣了。

    (6)  How has he done? (他這活干得怎么樣?強調結果)
      How did he do it?(他是怎么干這活的?強調干活的方式)

     (7) He has lived in NewYork for eight years．(他仍在紐約)
    He lived in NewYork for eight years．(他可能不在紐約了)

     (8)  He has been called a thinker．(強調事實)
    He was called a thinker．(他曾被譽為思想家。)

     (9)  You've heard what I said．(你聽見我的話了。)
    You heard what I said．(你是聽見我的話的。口氣嚴厲，具有感情色彩)

     (10)  I've lost my pen．(筆還沒找到)
I lost my pen．(筆可能找到了)

     (11)  He has already been there．(曾去過那里)
     He was already there．(當時在那里)

     (12)  Since I have been ill，my friend has visited me everyday. (生病還在延續)
    Since I was ill，my friend has visited me everyday．(病已好了)

     (13)  Have you slept well?(暗示因疲倦休息后是否好些了)
     Did you sleep well?(暗示睡得是否舒服，滿意)

    4.過去完成時與一般過去時

    (1)  I came here after I finished middle schoo1．(兩個動作有間隔)
     I came here after I had finished middle schoo1．(兩個動作有間隔，強調先后概念)

    (2)  I waited till I saw him．
      I waited ti11 had seen him．(這兩個句子差別不大，過去完成時更普遍)

    (3)  We hoped he would come．(我們希望他來。)
     We had hoped he would come．(我們本希望他來的。)

    (4)  I don't think he sang as well as he once did．(指具體一次)
      I don't think he sang as well as he had once done．(泛指以前，現在可能不唱了)

    (5)  Before I came here，I was a soldier．(我來此以前在當兵。)
      Before I came here，I had been a soldier．(我來此以前，曾當過兵。)

    (6)  Jim said he didn't know he was so strong．(表示Jim在說話時仍很結實)
      Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong．(表示在Jim說話之前曾經很結實)

    (7)  They were friends for many years．(表示現在還是朋友)
     Thev had been friends for many years．(意味這友誼結束了)

    (8)  He did the work at 6．(強調時間)
      He had done the work at 6．(6點工作已做完)

    (9)  I learned French during my holiday．(強調學了)
      I had learned French during my holiday．(強調學會了)

    (10)  When she sang ,she sat down．(表示唱著坐下)
       When she had sung ,she sat down．(表示唱完坐下)

    (11)  I went to bed when I did my homework．(不明確)
         I went to bed when I had done my homework．(作業做完)

    (12)  I have lived here since I was a child．(從我長大成人)
         I have lived here since I had been a child．(從我孩提時)

    5．過去進行時與一般過去時
    (1) I read a book yesterday．(書已看完)
      I was reading a book yesterday．(書尚未看完)

    (2) The guests arrived．(客人已到。)
      The guests were arriving．(客人陸續到達。)

    (3) He woke from a dream．(表示全醒)
      He was waking from a dream．(表示初醒)

    (4) The o1d man died．(已死)
     The o1d man was dying．(要死)

    (5) John told me about it(告訴我了，我都知道了)
      John was telling me about it(跟我談起過，我想了解更多的事情)

    (6) They persuaded me to go along with them。(已經說服)
      They were persuading me to go along with them．(還在勸說)

    (7)The wind blew hard all night．(強調事實)
      The wind was blowing hard all night．(強調風刮個不停)
    (8) I expected you．I was expecting you．(客氣，表示可能等了很久了)

    (9) He knocked at the door．(強調一次性)
      He was knocking at the door．(強調多次性)

    6．一般將來時與現在進行時

    (1) Will he come? Is he coming?(時間發生的比較近)

    (2) How long will you stay here?(表示意愿)
      How long will you be staying here?(表示打算)

    (3) She’ll have a baby．(表示肯定)
      She's going to have ababy．(表示推測，計劃)  
 ，
    (4)I’ll see him this evening．(表示意愿)
      I'm seeing him this evening．(表示打算，已有安排)

    7．一般現在時與一般過去時

    (1) Do you wish to see me?
    Did you wish to see me?(表示婉轉，客氣)

    (2) That's all I have to say．(我的話就這些。)
      That's all I had to say．(我要說的就這些。)

    (3) How do you like the film?(看電影過程中)
      How did you like the film?(看完電影后)

    (4) It is nice to see you．(見面時說)
       It was so nice to see you．(離別時說)

    (5) I never like him．(沒時間性)
      I never liked him．(從來沒喜歡過)

    (6) I think I know that voice．(沒見客人時)
      I thought I know that voice．(見到客人時，證明自己正確或錯誤)

    (7) Who is that? (那人還在)
      Who was that?(人已不在場了)

    (8) This cake is made at home．(家里常做這種蛋糕)
      This cake was made at home．(這種蛋糕是自家做的。)

    8．現在完成時與現在完成進行時
    (1) Someone has phoned you．(打了電話)
       Someone has been phoning you．(一直在打電話)

    (2) I've read the novel．(已讀完)
      I’ve been reading the novel．(還沒讀完)

    (3) He has lived here for six weeks．
      He has been living here for six weeks.（兩者區別不大，后者更強調過程和動態）

    (4）Have you met her lately?（強調事實） 
      Have you been meeting her lately?( (調動作的重復，經常見面)

    (5) Who's eaten my apples?(蘋果沒有了)
      Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩，表示憤怒不滿) 
  ‘
    9．一般現在時與過去完成時

    (1) I hope that he'll come．(希望他能來)

      I had hoped he would come．(與事實相反。經常這樣用的詞有expect，think，in•
tend，mean，suppose)    (環球網校資料,如需轉載請注明出處)