1、Realism名詞解釋

　　In art and literature the term realism is used to identify (區分) a literary movement in Europe and the United States (選) in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice (應用) of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally (根本的) the difference between romanticism and realism. In Europe， the Realist movement arose (起源于) in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (側重于小說的創作) and lay emphasis on fidelity (準確的)to actual experience. (用現實主義創作現實)

　　2、Realism is a literary movement In Europe. (錯) and also in United States

　　3、The spirit of realism lies in (在于) the literary area.轉自環 球 網 校edu24ol.com

　　4、The realist literary focus on (側重于) novel writing.

　　5、The character realistic Stendhal (司湯達) of the method used by the realists.

　　6、“A novel is a mirror walking along the road”said Stendhal.(司湯達) 小說是映射現實的鏡子

　　7、By the 1850s the term realism was applied to the art of Gustave Courbet. (哥斯塔王)

　　8、現實主義與浪漫主義的區別realism can be track back to the ancient times， but romanticism can not. And the realist‘s language was usually simple， clear and direct.

　　9、The European Communist (共產主義) movement， armed (武裝) with Marxist thought in realism.

　　10、Germany and Italy， achieved their unification (完成統一) in realism.

　　11、Stendhal ―→ Armance

　　French ―→ The Red and the Black

　　―→ The Charterhouse of Parma (帕爾瑪大教堂)

　　12、Balzac ―→ The Human Comedy (人間喜劇)

　　―→ Divine comedy (神曲) 受但丁神曲影響

　　―→ Eugenie Grandet (葛朗臺)

　　―→ Le Père Goriot (高老頭)

　　―→ La Cousine Bette (貝蒂姨媽)

　　13、The novels contented in the Human Comedy mark the beginnings of French realism. (標志著法國現實主義的開端)

　　14、Balzac has been called “the French Dickens” as Dickens has been called “the English Balzac”

　　15、Flaubert ―→ Madame Bovary (包法利夫人)

　　⊙ 寫作特點：the right word or phrase (用詞恰如其分)

　　⊙ Flaubert is called “the first French realist” (法國現實主義第一人)

　　⊙ a model not only to French authors， among them Maupassant and Zola， but to Americans and Russians as well， notably (值得一提的是) Henry James and Turgenev.

　　16、Zola ―→ Les Rougen-Macquarts (羅根。馬塔里)

　　⊙ Zola was the founder of the naturalist school. (自然主義流派的創始人)

　　17、自然主義的特點：

　　⊙ the naturalistic novel is not only a record (記錄) of men and manners (行為)。

　　⊙ to the naturalists the novel is a demonstration of social law. (社會法則的顯示與說明)

　　⊙ the language used by naturalists must be the actual language used by people.

　　18、Maupassant ―→ The Necklace (項鏈)

　　―→ The Piece of String (紅絲帶)

　　―→ The Umbrella (雨傘)

　　⊙ Norman people (純正法國后裔) Franco-Prussian War (普法戰爭)

　　19、In the French realism， Maupassant was the only short story teller.

　　20、The literary school in Russia realism was dangerous men.

　　21、 The beginnings of modern Russian literature are to be traced to the Napoleonic wars. (拿破侖戰爭) Later the Russians participated in the battle of Waterloo. (滑鐵盧戰役)

　　22、Gogol (果戈爾) ―→ The Inspector General (欽差大臣)

　　Russia ―→ Dead Souls (死魂靈) 主人公是：Chichikov

　　23、Turgenev ―→ A Hunter‘s Sketches (獵人日記)

　　on the abolition (廢除) of serfdom

　　―→ Rudin

　　―→ A Nest of Gentlefolk (富人的巢穴)

　　―→ Fathers and Sons

　　24、Dostoyevsky (托斯妥耶夫斯基) ―→ The House of Death (死亡之屋)?

　　a record of life in Sibria (西伯利亞)

　　―→ Crime and Punishment (罪與罰)

　　criminal psychology (第一次研究犯罪心理學)

　　―→ The Brothers Karamazov (～家族的三兄弟)

　　never completed

　　25、 The first novel on the study of criminal psychology in the European literature is Crime and Punishment written by Dostoyevsky.

　　26、Leo Tolstoy (列夫。托爾斯泰) ―→ War and Peace (戰爭與和平)

　　―→ Anna Karenina (安娜卡列尼那)

　　―→ Resurrection (復活)

　　27、 With Dostoyevsky， Tolstoy made the Russian realistic novel a literary genre (類型) that ranks in importance with (與…并駕齊驅) classical Greek tragedy (悲劇) and Elizabethan drama. (莎士比亞的戲劇為主)

　　28、He is especially known as an early champion of the non-violence protest. (非暴力運動先驅)

　　29、He preached (倡導) a primitive Christianity. (基督教最初的教義)

　　30、He denounced art for art‘s sake. (反對為藝術而藝術)

　　31、Chekhov (契訶夫) ―→ The Seagull (海鷗)

　　―→ Uncle Vanya (萬亞叔叔)

　　―→ The Three Sisters (三姐妹)

　　―→ The Cherry Orchard (櫻桃園)

　　―→ The Man in the Shell (套中人)

　　32、His work is of smaller scope. (文學領域很狹窄)

　　33、Chekhov is the only short story teller of the Russia realist literature.

　　34、He avoided (沒有使用) the “big scene” (大場面) and ignored the “heroic hero”。

　　35、Stanislavsky (可能是主人公)

　　36、Ibsen (挪威-易普生) ―→ A Doll‘s House (玩偶之家)

　　Norwegian ―→ Ghosts (魂靈)

　　―→ An Enemy of the People (人民公敵)

　　―→ The Wild Duck (野鴨傳)

　　―→ Hedda Gabler (海達。蓋勒普)

　　37、Ibsen looked to ordinary (平常的) social and domestic relationships (國內關系) and situations for the subject-matter of his plays.

　　38、His work is sharply (銳利的) critical of the hypocrisy (偽善) and seamy (丑惡的) politics of Norwegian provincial (地方性的) life.

　　39、Ibsen‘s plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama. (當代戲劇的源頭)

　　40、Realism in England is Victoria‘s period. The climax of Capitalism. (資本主義全盛時期)

　　41、Dickens (狄更斯) ―→ Pickwick Papers (皮克。威克外傳)

　　―→ A tale of Two Cities (雙城記)

　　―→ Oliver Twist (霧都孤兒)

　　―→ A Christmas Carol (圣誕歡歌)

　　―→ Hard Times (艱難時刻) 描寫了資本主義擴張時期

　　―→ Bleak House (荒涼山莊)

　　―→ David Copperfield (大衛。科波菲爾)

　　42、Dickens reflects the history of the French Revolution.

　　43、George Eliot (喬治。艾略特) ―→ Middlemarch (米德馬其)

　　―→ The Mill on the Floss (福羅斯和尚的睡房)

　　based on his own experience

　　―→ Adam Bede (亞當拜德)

　　―→ Silas Marner (織工馬南)

　　44、George Eliot belongs to the second generation of the critical realism. (加了心里活動和自然主義的筆調)

　　45、Thomas Hardy (托馬斯。哈代) ―→ Far from the Madding Crowd (遠離塵囂)

　　―→ The Return of the Native (還鄉)

　　以Wes***為源泉 ―→ The Mayor of Casterbridge (卡斯特拉橋市長)

　　―→ Tess of the d‘Urberyvilles (苔絲)

　　―→ Jude the Obscure (無名的求得)

　　46、Thomas Hardy is of local colorism. (地方色彩主義)

　　47、Bernard Shaw (蕭伯納) ―→ Heartbreak House (心碎之屋) 一戰前的社會

　　―→ St. Joan (圣女貞德)

　　―→ Man and superman (人與超人) 哲學

　　―→ The Doctor‘s Dilemma (醫生的抉擇) 悲劇

　　―→ The Apple Cart (蘋果車) examination of monarchy

　　―→ Major Barbara (巴巴拉上校) 喜劇

　　―→ Pygmalion (茶花女) 喜劇

　　48、Stowe (斯陀) ―→ Uncle Tom‘s Cabin (湯姆叔叔的小屋) 廢除奴隸制

　　49、Walt Whitman (惠特曼) ―→ Leaves of Grass (草葉集)

　　―→ When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom‘d (當花園里的紫丁香開放的時候)

　　悼念林肯50、Whitman is the best representative of free verse. (自由體詩歌)

　　51、Whitman is the first American modern poet.

　　52、Whitman is put forward the idea of universal brotherhood.

　　53、Whitman used the common people‘s language or the humble speech. (卑下的發音)

　　54、Whitman used long， sweeping lines. (拖沓冗長的詩)

　　55、Mark Twain ―→ Life on the Mississippi (密西西比河上的生活)

　　―→ Jumping Frog (跳蛙) 成名之作

　　―→ The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (哈克貝恩歷險記)

　　美國第一部現代小說―→ The Gilded Age (鍍金時代)

　　―→ The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (湯姆索亞歷險記)

　　―→ The Prince and the Pauper (王子與貧兒)

　　56、Mark Twain is of local colorism， based on the Mississippi.

　　57、Mark Twain is called “the Lincoln of American literature”and “Father of the American Novel”

　　58、開創了美國當代小說，美國的民族文學是從馬克吐溫開始的。海明威說的59、Henry James ―→ The Portrait of a Lady (貴婦人的畫像)

　　―→ Daisy Miller (米勒)

　　―→ The Golden Bowl (金杯)

　　60、“the Master beyond all masters” refers to Henry James.

　　61、Impressionism (藝術的表現形式)名詞解釋

　　Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century. It was most pervasive (普及) in painting， but it was also found in literature and art. (在文學與藝術中也可發現他的蹤影) The term “impressionism”first appeared in 1874 in a newspaper review of an exhibition held in the studio (工作室) by a group of young painters. It was taken directly from the title of Monet‘s (莫納) Impression： Sunrise. (日出印象)

　　62、Post-Impressionism (后印象主義)名詞解釋

　　During the 2nd half of the 19th century， French impressionism created a dramatic break with the art of the past， and created a form of art that was to affect (影響) nearly every ambitious (有雄心的) artist in the Western world. Van Gogh reacted against impressionism by using colour to suggest his own emotion and temperament (氣質)。

　　63、Van Gogh ―→ Starry Night (夜空) 后印象主義的代表是凡高

　　―→ Sunflower (向日葵)

　　―→ The Night Café(夜間咖啡屋)

　　64、Dvorak (德望俠克) ―→ From the New World (新世界的交響)

　　―→ Goin‘ Home (回家)

　　65、Dvorak is Czech.

　　66、三種音樂形式：Program music (標題音樂)

　　Symphonies (交響樂)

　　Chamber works (室內樂)

　　67、Debussy (德彪西) ―→ French composer轉自環 球 網 校edu24ol.com

　　68、 Debussy was among the first to break away from the melodic (旋律) and harmonic (和諧) conventions (常規的) of the 18th and 19th centuries. (打破傳統旋律性和和諧性的音樂家)

　　69、The American history is sharply Divide by the Great divide.

　　70、The Civil War has divided the American history， last (持續)from 1681 to 1685.

　　71、Contrasted with (對比) the British industrialization (工業化)， the Industrialization in American began after the Civil War.

　　72、In the realist period of American， the Cultural centre transformed from New England to New York.

　　論述簡答

　　What is the historical background of Realism?

　　答：

　　1、 The realism movement was greatly influenced by the development of science in the 19th century. The age of realism was age of technological inventions.

　　2、The 19th century is the century of greatest change in the history of Western civilization. Germany and Italy， achieved their unification (完成統一)。

　　3、The Profound (極深的) social dislocation (斷層) and urban (都市的) poverty (貧窮) brought about by the social and economic changes created severe problems to which the political and intellectual leaders of the 19th century reacted in a number of ways. One group was the liberals (自由黨)。 Another group was the nationalists (民主黨)， A third group was the socialists (社會黨)。

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