Key words and phrases

1. efficiency : n 效率，其他同根詞：efficient: a 高效率的；inefficient: a 效率低的；inefficiency : n; effective: a 有效果的

1). He has done much to increase the ____ of English teaching.

2). She is very _____ in reducing waste.

3). His ____ study method caused his failure.

4). The city government took some _____ measures to reduce unemployment.

Answers: efficiency, efficient; inefficient, effective

2. increasingly: ad不斷增加地， 由此可以聯想到：

increase：v 增加; increasing: a 不斷增加的; decrease: v減少；

1). Drinking and smoking among young people _____ to an alarming extent.

2). The truth is becoming ______ apparent.

3). The ____ friendly relations between the two countries strengthen the cultural exchanges between them.

3. prevalent: a 流行的，普通的 = popular

4. calculator : n 計算者，計算器，calculate: v 計算；calculation : n 計算; calculating: a 詭計多端的

5. expose: v 使暴露，揭露，揭發，exposure: n; expose sb to sth讓某人接觸。。。

6. completion: n 完成、結束，由此可以聯想到：

complete: v完成，a 完整的，completeness: n 完整；incomplete: a 不完整的

1). He ____ denied the existence of god.

2). He has never ____ a project on time.

3). Money will be paid half in advance and half on _______.

4). When will the new railway ________?

7). intensity : n 強烈、劇烈，由此可以聯想到：

intense = strong: a 強烈的, intensive: a 密集的，加強的；intensify: v 加強；intension: n 強烈、緊張。

1). We should ____ the struggle for peace.

2). There are few strong situations or moments of dramatic ______.

3). They have been receiving a four-day ____ training course.

4). They kept working in the ____ heat.

Answers: intensify, intensity, intensive, intense

8. defective : a 有缺點的，defect: n 缺點

9. assemble: v 集合、裝配； assembly: n 裝配

10. expose sth/sb to sth:暴露，面臨、遭受

1). People often expose their skin to the sun in summer.

2). I won’t expose my soldiers to such unnecessary risks.

11. in that: 在于，因為

1). I like the country better in that it is closer to nature.

12. in question: 正被談論的，正被考慮的(通常放在被修飾名詞后面)

We know nothing about the plan in question.

Analyze the difficult sentences

1. Most of today’s robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. (p2)

翻譯：今天大多數機器人用于汽車工業，它們按照編好的程序接任了汽車和卡車車身的焊接和噴漆這一類的工作。

分析：該句的考點是where引導的非限定性定語從句，修飾in the automotive industry。另外請注意幾個詞的用法：employ: v 雇傭，使用，相當于use; program: v 編寫程序；take over: 接管、接收、接任，如：Do you want me to take over the driving if you are tired?
such...as例如，welding and spray painting是動名詞，做賓語。

2. Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen , although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. (p3)
翻譯：除了在汽車生產領域替代人工勞動外，機器人也開始在別的工業部門應用，雖然應用程度低一些。

分析：該句考點如下：already taking over human tasks in the automotive field是現在分詞短語做定語；to be seen不定式的被動概念；although to a lesser degree讓步狀語，to a lesser degree是表示：在更小的程度上，反義詞：to a larger degree.

3. The robots used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. (p3)

翻譯：核電站里使用機器人處理輻射材料，避免人員接觸放射性物質。

分析：主語：The robots；謂語：handle；賓語：the radioactive materials；used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials是過去分詞短語做定語；preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation是現在分詞短語做伴隨狀語。being exposed to動名詞被動語態；prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事。

4. Robots differ form automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. (p4)
翻譯：機器人與自動化裝置的區別在于它們完成一項特定任務后可以由計算機重新編程去執行另一項任務。

分析：該句重要考點：in that,相當于because, 所引導從句表原因。如：

Men are different from other animals in that the former can create and use tools while the latter cannot.

5. It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. (p5)

翻譯：人們不知道是否有一天機器人能具有像人類一樣好的視覺。

分析：該句的主語是whether引導的主語從句。（有關知識請見課后補充語法。），it 是形式主語；as good as human vision是后置定語修飾vision;

6. Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch. (p6)

翻譯：在其他方面努力取得進展的工程人員正在設計和實驗新的金屬手臂和手指，使機器人具有觸覺。

分析：請注意該句中幾個-ing的區別：working on other advances是非謂語動詞中的現在分詞；are designing and experimenting是謂語動詞的進行時態；giving robots a sense of touch是非謂語動詞的現在分詞做結果狀語。詞組：experiment with sth實驗。。。

7. These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do. (p7)

翻譯：未來具有觸覺、視覺并能決策的機器人將可以做很多工作。

分析：主語：These future robots；謂語：will have；賓語：plenty of work to do。
assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions是過去分詞短語做定語，修飾主語，其中動詞不定式to see and make decisions是另外一個定語，修飾the ability.

詞組：be assembled with sth = be equipped wth sth裝備有。。。；a sense of touch觸覺，同樣的短語還有：a sense of sight/hearing/smell/taste:視覺，聽覺，嗅覺，味覺；a sense of humor/direction:幽默感/方向感。make decisions做出決定；plenty of sth充足的，足夠的

8. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. (p7)

翻譯：任何希望了解未來工業的人必須懂機器人。

分析：這句話是國考題目中常考的。考點：wanting to understand the industry of the future，是現在分詞短語做定語，修飾anyone. 詞組：know about sth了解。。。，懂得。。。。

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補充語法知識：名詞性從句

名詞性從句是由if, whether, that 和各種疑問詞充當連接詞所引導的從句，其功同名詞一樣。

一．主語從句

主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較

It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調，無論強調的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：

1).It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
2).It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.
3).It is in the morning that the murder took place.
4).It is John that broke the window.

必背

用形式主語it引導的主語從句相當多，有些已形成固定的語法和譯法。常見的有：

It is said that... 據說……  It is reported that...  據報導……
It is well known that...  眾所周知……  It is announced that... 據宣布……
It is believed that...  人們相信……  It is thought that...  人們認為……
It is understood that...  自不待言……  It must be pointed out that...  必須指出……
It must be admitted that...  必須承認……

2.主語從句的語序

主語從句要求使用陳述句語序，而非一般疑問句語序。如：

What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.
使我感到驚訝的是這個小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。
How he was successful is still a puzzle.
他是如何成功的仍然是個謎。

3. 連接詞的選用

（1）that和what的選用

that和what都可引導主語從句。what除起連接作用外，還在名詞性從句中充當某些成分，可作從句的主語、賓語或表語。而that在名詞性從句中不充當任何成分，無詞義，只起連接詞作用。如：
What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本書。

That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 眾所周知，光線沿直線運行。

（2）if和whether的選用

引導主語從句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：

Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.

我們明天是否在戶外開晚會要看天氣而定。

（3）其它連接代詞和副詞的選用

根據主語從句的具體意義，正確的選擇who, which, when, where, why, how等連接詞，這些連接詞既有疑問含義，又起連接作用，同時在從句中充當各種成分。如：

When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我們何時舉行運動會還沒有決定。

Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 還不清楚昨天誰打破了玻璃。

Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你決定買哪一輛車都不會有任何區別。

二．賓語從句

在復合句中用作賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。

1. 賓語從句常由that引導，在口語中常省略。當主句中謂語動詞是現在或將來時態時，從句中謂語動詞不受主句中謂語動詞時態的影響，按需要可以使用任何時態。如：

She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 從句是一般現在時

She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 從句是一般將來時

當主句謂語是過去時態，從句中的時態一般用表示過去的某種時態。如：

He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 從句是一般過去時

He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 從句是過去將來時

He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 從句是過去進行時

當主句謂語是過去時態，而賓語從句敘述某一客觀真理（事實）時，賓語從句的時態則用一般現在時。如：

The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
老師告訴我們世上無難事只怕有心人。

He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他說光傳播比聲音傳播快得多。

2. 否定轉移

1) 將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。

I don't think I know you.　我想我并不認識你。

I don' t believe he will come.　我相信他不回來。

注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉移。

I hope you weren't ill. 我想你沒有生病吧。

2) 將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉移到前面。

It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看來他們不知道往哪去。

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。

三．表語從句

表語從句在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結構是“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導表語從句的that常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that… 和It is because 等結構。例如：
 
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can't get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四. 同位語從句

同位語從句就是在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。

1.同位語從句的功能

同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內容，一般由that引導，例如：
 
1) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

2．同位語從句與定語從句的區別

(1) 定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。

(2) 定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如：

1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分）

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