指 示 代 詞

　　一、指示代詞this，that，these和those用來代替上文已提到或指示眼前的人或物，在句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語和定語。做定語的指示代詞要與所修飾的詞在數(shù)上一致

　　1) Today's libraries differ greatly from .轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　[A] the past [B] those of the past [C] that are past [D] those past

　　2) The amount of money spent on cosmetics， according to some authorities， has exceeded spent on public health.

　　[A] one

　　[B] those

　　[C] it

　　[D] that

　　3) The culture and customs of America are more like of England than of any other country.

　　[A] that

　　[B] what

　　[C] which

　　[D] those

　　例題解析

　　1) B為正確答案。此題中的differ from意為“不同于”，相比較的對象為“現(xiàn)代的圖書館”與“以往的圖書館”，故應(yīng)選B ，用those代替前面提到的libraries(復(fù)數(shù))。

　　2) D為正確答案。“has exceeded”超過，超越“，空檔后”spent on public health“作定語，而空檔處是代詞代替”The amount of monay“，這是不可數(shù)名詞，所以”[A] one“和”[B] those“均不符合條件。”[C] it“也不對，it代詞代”the amount of money spent on cosmetics，“那么空檔后的”spent on public health“顯然與”spent on cosmetics“相矛盾。所以C也不對。

　　3) D為正確答案。“what”和“which”為連接和關(guān)系代詞，“that”指代單數(shù)，而空檔處是代前邊的“The clture and customs of America”，所以應(yīng)當(dāng)用復(fù)數(shù)代詞those.

　　二、為了避免重復(fù)，that或those來代替前邊的名詞或代詞，that表示事物，those表示人。一般來講that表示單數(shù)或不可數(shù)，而those表示復(fù)數(shù)。但those可以和who連用，由who引導(dǎo)一個定語從句，這時those就不是代替前邊的某詞

　　4) Numerous efforts have been made [A] to improve [B] the laws governing [C] air pollution， but none have been as successful as them [D] devised by the state of Oregon.

　　5) An internationally famous ballerina [A] ， Maria Tallchief demonstrated [B] that the quality of ballet in the United States could equal those [C] of the ballet in Europe [D] .轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　6) Since the job was going to be [A] difficult， he asked only [B] them [C] he trusted to assist him [D] .

　　7) Forest animals [A] utilize the sense [B] of smell less [C] than them [D] in the countryside.

　　例題解析

　　4) D錯。 改為those.這里“those”與“none”同指，都代“the laws”。

　　5) C錯。 改為that，代“the quality.”

　　6) C錯。改為those.C處作“asked”的賓語，又作“he trusted to assist him”的先行詞。

　　7) D 錯。 改為those.

　　三、such修飾可數(shù)名詞須與a連用，也可修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞

　　8) Let us take a serious， reasonable look at what the results might be if proposal were accepted.

　　[A] so many

　　[B] a so many

　　[C] a such

　　[D] such a

　　9) Although signs of dishonesty in school， business， and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past， could it be that we are getting better at revealing dishonesty?

　　[A] so

　　[B] those

　　[C] such

　　[D] such a

　　例題解析

　　8) D為正確答案。

　　9) C為正確答案。

　　關(guān) 系 代 詞

　　關(guān)系代詞有who， whom， whose， that， which，as.它們用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。它們既代表所修飾詞，又在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分。

　　一、who和whom代表人，who在從句作主語而whom在從句中作(動詞或介詞的)賓語

　　1) Human beings are social [A] animals whom [B] usually prefer not to live in physical [C] or psychological isolation [D] .

　　二、whose表示“某人的”，在從句中作定語

　　2) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of open mouth the tea was supposed to come.

　　[A] which [B] its[C] that[D] whose

　　三、that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物或前邊整個句子所表述的情況;that在從句中作主語、賓語和表語;which在從句中作主語或賓語

　　3) The first doll say “mama” was invented in 1830.

　　[A] that it could [B] could [C] it could [D] that could

　　四、代表物時多用which，但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which，這些詞包括all， anything， much等

　　4) Probably he had come down in the world and this sampling was all was left him from the time when he could afford to come and select his favorite pudding.

　　[A] what[B] that[C] which[D] who

　　5) Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago， there is much we can learn from him today.

　　[A] as[B] when[C] who[D] that

　　五、在非限定性定語從句中，不能用that，而用who， whom代表人，用which代表事物

　　6) After a while I recognized him as “Big Jim，” used to sit behind me in maths class in high school.

　　[A] which[B] who[C] he[D] that

　　7) I have often wondered whether some people， had no intention of making a purchase， would take advantage of this privilege of having a sample puddings without buying them.

　　[A] whom[B] who[C] which[D] what

　　8) This means we shall have to carry our own water， will add even greater weight to the saucer.“

　　[A] that[B] although[C] why[D] which

　　六、which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分，而不是一個名詞

　　9) One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English-speaking country， amounts to washing one's hands of English complex structures.

　　[A] whom[B] which[C] when[D] that

　　七、在引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時，that有時相當(dāng)于in which， at which， for which或at which

　　Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對白日做夢的態(tài)度正在改變，這與人們對夜間做夢的看法的變化有非常相似之處。

　　I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislikes it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂，而他恰恰與我相反。

　　We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。

　　八、有時as也可用作關(guān)系代詞

　　Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but， as we find out later in this unit， his turned out not quite as he had expected.

　　九、例題解析

　　1) B錯。改為who.2) D為正確答案。3) D為正確答案。4) B為正確答案。5) D為正確答案。

　　6) B為正確答案。7) B為正確答案。8) D為正確答案。9) B為正確答案。

?2011年全國成人高考考試大綱匯總

?環(huán)球網(wǎng)校2011年成人高考網(wǎng)絡(luò)輔導(dǎo)熱招中!!!

更多信息請訪問：成人高考頻道   成考高起點輔導(dǎo)   成人高考論壇